{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T23:16:50Z","timestamp":1767914210014,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,22]],"date-time":"2020-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PD\/BD\/114459\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BD\/114459\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, interest has increased in new renewable energy solutions for climate change mitigation and increasing the efficiency and sustainability of water systems. Hydropower still has the biggest share due to its compatibility, reliability and flexibility. This study presents one such technology recently examined at Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico based on a transient-flow induced compressed air energy storage (TI-CAES) system, which takes advantage of a compressed air vessel (CAV). The CAV can produce extra required pressure head, by compressing air, to be used for either hydropower generation using a water turbine in a gravity system or to be exploited in a pumping system. The results show a controlled behaviour of the system in storing the pressure surge as compressed air inside a vessel. Considerable power values are achieved as well, while the input work is practically neglected. Higher power values are attained for bigger air volumes. The TI-CAES offers an efficient and flexible solution that can be exploited in exiting water systems without putting the system at risk. The induced transients in the compressed air allow a constant outflow discharge characteristic, making the energy storage available in the CAV to be used as a pump storage hydropower solution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w12020601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,26]],"date-time":"2020-02-26T04:18:29Z","timestamp":1582690709000},"page":"601","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Transient-Flow Induced Compressed Air Energy Storage (TI-CAES) System towards New Energy Concept"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5222-0679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohsen","family":"Besharat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Avin","family":"Dadfar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Viseu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydraulics and Environment Department, Laborat\u00f3rio Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC), 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7106-2116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Brunone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Perugia, G. Duranti 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9028-9711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"IHA (International Hydropower Association) (2019, May 13). Hydropower Status Report: Sector Trends and Insights. Available online: https:\/\/www.hydropower.org\/status2019."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"REN21 (2020, January 13). Renewables Global Status Report. Available online: https:\/\/www.ren21.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/gsr_2019_full_report_en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"IEA (International Energy Agency) (2020, January 13). Renewables: market analysis and forecast from 2019 to 2024, Paris. Available online: https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/renewables-2019."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoes, O.A.C., Meijer, L.J.J., Van der Ent, R.J., and Van de Giesen, N.C. (2017). Systematic high-resolution assessment of global hydropower potential. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171844"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2008.07.040","article-title":"Hybrid solution and pump-storage optimization in water supply system efficiency: A case study","volume":"36","author":"Vieira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Vieira, F., Ramos, H.M., Covas, D.I.C., and Almeida, A.B. (2008, January 17\u201318). Pump-Storage optimization with renewable energy production in water supply systems. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Water and Wastewater Pumping Stations, BHR Group, Cranfield, UK."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.4236\/jwarp.2014.612103","article-title":"Pumped-storage solution towards energy efficiency and sustainability: Portugal contribution and real case studies","volume":"6","author":"Ramos","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Water Resour. Prot."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morabito, A., Oliveira e Silva, G., and Hendrick, P. (2019). Deriaz pump-turbine for pumped hydro energy storage and micro applications. J. Energy Storage, 24.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2019.100788"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kougias, I., Aggidis, G., Avellan, F., Deniz, S., Lundin, U., Moro, A., Muntean, S., Novara, D., P\u00e9rez-D\u00edaz, J.I., and Quaranta, E. (2019). Analysis of emerging technologies in the hydropower sector. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 113.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2019.109257"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Ramos, H.M. (2000). Guidelines for Design of Small Hydropower Plants, WREAN (Western Regional Energy Agency & Network) and DED (Department of Economic Development). [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2008.05.031","article-title":"Optimization of operational planning for wind\/hydro hybrid water supply systems","volume":"34","author":"Vieira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-S\u00e1nchez, M., S\u00e1nchez-Romero, F.J., Ramos, H.M., and L\u00f3pez-Jim\u00e9nez, P.A. (2017). Energy recovery in existing water networks: Towards greater sustainability. Water, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/w9020097"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1080\/1573062X.2019.1648529","article-title":"Sustainable water-energy nexus in the optimization of the BBC golf-course using renewable energies","volume":"16","author":"Ramos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Urban Water J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2017.09.060","article-title":"PATs selection towards sustainability in irrigation networks: Simulated annealing as a water management tool","volume":"116","author":"Ramos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carravetta, A., Derakhshan Houreh, S., and Ramos, H.M. (2018). Pumps as Turbines, Springer. Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-67507-7"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Novara, D., Derakhshan, S., McNabola, A., and Ramos, H.M. (2017, January 24\u201327). Estimation of unit cost and maximum efficiency for pumps as turbines. Proceedings of the 9th Eastern European IWA Young Water Professionals, Budapest, Hungary."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda, I.F., Ferras, D., and McNabola, A. (2019). Potential of energy recovery and water saving using micro-hydropower in rural water distribution networks. J. Water Resour. Plan. Manag., 145.","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0001045"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2019.01.016","article-title":"Optimal energy efficiency of isolated PAT systems by SEIG excitation tuning","volume":"183","author":"Fernandes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2018.03.035","article-title":"Hydro-power energy recovery in pressurized irrigation networks: A case study of an Irrigation District in the South of Spain","volume":"204","author":"Morillo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2019.09.119","article-title":"Hydropower energy recovery in irrigation networks: Validation of a methodology for flow prediction and pump as turbine selection","volume":"147","author":"Morillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-S\u00e1nchez, M., S\u00e1nchez-Romero, F.J., Ramos, H.M., and L\u00f3pez-Jim\u00e9nez, P.A. (2016). Modeling Irrigation Networks for the Quantification of Potential Energy Recovering: A Case Study. Water, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/w8060234"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-S\u00e1nchez, M., S\u00e1nchez-Romero, F.J., Ramos, H.M., and L\u00f3pez-Jim\u00e9nez, P.A. (2017). Optimization Strategy for Improving the Energy Efficiency of Irrigation Systems by Micro Hydropower: Practical Application. Water, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/w9100799"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2018.08.078","article-title":"Recent innovations and trends in in-conduit hydropower technologies and their applications in water distribution systems","volume":"228","author":"Sari","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1007\/s10098-018-1589-0","article-title":"Water vortex hydropower technology: A state-of-the-art review of developmental trends","volume":"20","author":"Timilsina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clean Technol. Environ. Policy"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Chen, H., Zhang, X., Liu, J., and Tan, C. (2020, January 13). Compressed Air Energy Storage, Energy Storage - Technologies and Applications, Ahmed Faheem Zobaa, IntechOpen. Available online: https:\/\/www.intechopen.com\/books\/energy-storage-technologies-and-applications\/compressed-air-energy-storage."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2012.06.052","article-title":"The thermodynamic effect of thermal energy storage on compressed air energy storage system","volume":"50","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2007.12.003","article-title":"Thermodynamic analysis of CAES\/TES systems for renewable energy plants","volume":"33","author":"Grazzini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2018.09.109","article-title":"Experimental study of a PH-CAES system: Proof of concept","volume":"165","author":"Camargos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pottie, D.L.F., Ferreira, R.A.M., Maia, T.A.C., and Porto, M.P. (2019). An alternative sequence of operation for Pumped-Hydro Compressed Air Energy Storage (PH-CAES) systems. Energy.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2019.116472"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.03.110","article-title":"Experimental and analytical evaluation of a hydro-pneumatic compressed-air Ground-Level Integrated Diverse Energy Storage (GLIDES) system","volume":"221","author":"Odukomaiya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Storli, P.-T., and Lundstr\u00f6m, T.S. (2019). A New Technical Concept for Water Management and Possible Uses in Future Water Systems. Water, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/w11122528"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Besharat, M., Viseu, M.T., and Ramos, H.M. (2017). Experimental study of air vessel behavior for energy storage or system protection in waterhammer events. Water, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/w9010063"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpvp.2018.06.002","article-title":"Further investigation on the water-hammer control branching strategy in pressurized steel-piping systems","volume":"165","author":"Triki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Press. Vessels Pip."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpvp.2018.12.001","article-title":"Compound technique -based inline design strategy for water-hammer control in steel pressurized-piping systems","volume":"169","author":"Triki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Press. Vessels Pip."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2020, January 13). WIKA Data Sheet PE 81.01. Available online: https:\/\/en.wika.com\/upload\/DS_PE8101_en_co_1392.pdf."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2014). UVP-DUO User\u2019s Guide, Met-Flow SA. Available online: https:\/\/met-flow.com\/support\/download."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2020, January 13). George Fischer (GF) Piping Systems Datasheet Pneumatic Actuators PA 30\u2013PA 90. Available online: https:\/\/www.gfps.com\/appgate\/ecat\/common_flow\/100022\/AT\/en\/109564\/109576\/P120047\/product.html."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Wylie, E.B., and Streeter, V.L. (1993). Fluid Transients in Systems, Prentice Hall."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Besharat, M., and Ramos, H.M. (2015, January 18\u201320). Theorical and experimental analysis of pressure surge in a two-phase compressed air vessel. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Pressure Surges, BHR Group, Dubline, Ireland. Available online: https:\/\/www.scopus.com\/inward\/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84966351254&partnerID=40&md5=4c831ebf8171ef3543b8add5064aa020."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vereide, K., Tekle, T., and Nielsen, T. (2015). Thermodynamic behavior and heat transfer in closed surge tanks for hydropower plants. J. Hydraul. Eng., 141.","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000995"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"29","article-title":"Air cushion surge chambers for underground power plants","volume":"40","author":"Goodall","year":"1988","journal-title":"Int. Water Power Dam Constr."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Steward, E.H., and Borg, J.E. (1989). Moose river air chamber design and performance. Waterpower\u201989, ASCE. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Svee, R. (1972, January 10). Surge chamber with enclosed compressed air cushion. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Pressure Surges, Canterbury, UK."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, L., Liu, D., and Karney, B. (2013). Investigation of hydraulic transients of two entrapped air pockets in a water pipeline. J. Hydraul. Eng., 139.","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000750"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, L., Liu, D., Karney, B., and Wang, P. (2013). Phenomenon of white mist in water rapidly filling pipeline with entrapped air pocket. J. Hydraul. Eng., 139.","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000765"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaudhry, M.H. (2014). Applied Hydraulic Transients, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-8538-4"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sim\u00e3o, M., Besharat, M., Carravetta, A., and Ramos, H.M. (2018). Flow Velocity Distribution towards Flowmeter Accuracy: CFD, UDV, and Field Tests. Water, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/w10121807"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brunone, B., and Berni, A. (2010). Wall shear stress in transient turbulent pipe flow by local velocity measurement. J. Hydraul. Eng., 136.","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000234"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Ramos, H.M. (1995). Simula\u00e7\u00e3o e Controlo de Transit\u00f3rios Hidr\u00e1ulicos em Pequenos Aproveitamentos Hidroel\u00e9tricos. [Ph.D. Thesis, Civil Engineering, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa]. (In Portuguese)."}],"container-title":["Water"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/12\/2\/601\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:00:02Z","timestamp":1760173202000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/12\/2\/601"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,22]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["w12020601"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/w12020601","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4441"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4441","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,22]]}}}