{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T13:10:24Z","timestamp":1774876224181,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,9]],"date-time":"2020-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/K040405\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/K040405\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Seventh Framework Programme","award":["607000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["607000"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/MAR\/04292\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/MAR\/04292\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Surcharging urban drainage systems are a potential source of pathogenic contamination of floodwater. While a number of previous studies have investigated net sewer to surface hydraulic flow rates through manholes and gullies during flood events, an understanding of how pollutants move from sewer networks to surface flood water is currently lacking. This paper presents a 3D CFD model to quantify flow and solute mass exchange through hydraulic structures featuring complex interacting pipe and surface flows commonly associated with urban flood events. The model is compared against experimental datasets from a large-scale physical model designed to study pipe\/surface interactions during flood simulations. Results show that the CFD model accurately describes pipe to surface flow partition and solute transport processes through the manhole in the experimental setup. After validation, the model is used to elucidate key timescales which describe mass flow rates entering surface flows from pipe networks. Numerical experiments show that following arrival of a well-mixed solute at the exchange structure, solute mass exchange to the surface grows asymptotically to a value equivalent to the ratio of flow partition, with associated timescales a function of the flow conditions and diffusive transport inside the manhole.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w12092514","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,10]],"date-time":"2020-09-10T22:58:01Z","timestamp":1599778681000},"page":"2514","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["CFD Modelling of the Transport of Soluble Pollutants from Sewer Networks to Surface Flows during Urban Flood Events"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7801-4272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md","family":"Beg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tulane River and Coastal Center, Tulane University, 1370 Port of New Orleans Pl, New Orleans, LA 70130, USA"},{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Research Centre, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, R. Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, Polo 2, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8446-4448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Rubinato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy, Construction and Environment &amp; Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0893-3521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Research Centre, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, R. Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, Polo 2, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Shucksmith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, the University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-014-1084-5","article-title":"The impacts of climate change on river flood risk at the global scale","volume":"134","author":"Arnell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1007\/s00703-018-0623-4","article-title":"Increased flash flooding in Genoa Metropolitan Area: A combination of climate changes and soil consumption?","volume":"131","author":"Acquaotta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Meteorol. Atmos. 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