{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T22:10:55Z","timestamp":1761948655838,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,21]],"date-time":"2020-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The west coast of Tangier, in northern Morocco, has been affected by industrial wastewater discharge that reaches the ocean through the Boukhalef river. Therefore, the Jbila and Sidikacem beaches near to the Boukhalef river mouth have been classified as polluted for many years. With the aim of determining the COVID-19 pandemic consequences on the Tangier coastal environment, a linear model using Sentinel 3 water surface temperature (WST) has been tested in several locations. Data from April 2019 and April 2020, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic related emergency status in Morocco, were compared. The results from April 2019 showed high WST values and consequently, the poorest water quality in the sites closest to the Boukhalef river mouth. On the other hand, the results from April 2020 showed normal WST values and high water quality in the same study area. These results illustrate the usefulness of Sentinel 3 WST for the estimation of bathing water quality on the west coast of Tangier. The study shows the positive impact of the COVID-19 pandemic consequences on the coastal environment quality in the study area and indicates the importance of decreasing the industrial discharge on the west coast of Tangier. The same methodology could be used in decision-making processes and to reduce cost, time and human resources for coastal monitoring systems. We demonstrate the potential of using the Sentinel 3 data for coastal waters monitoring, as well as the need for stricter controls of pollutant discharges into the world\u2019s rivers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w12092638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,21]],"date-time":"2020-09-21T21:01:21Z","timestamp":1600722081000},"page":"2638","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["COVID-19 Pandemic Consequences on Coastal Water Quality Using WST Sentinel-3 Data: Case of Tangier, Morocco"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8583-632X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El Khalil","family":"Cherif","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Departamento de Geoci\u00eancias, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Territ\u00f3rio, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Marine Biology Station (MBS), National Institute of Biology, SI-6330 Piran, Slovenia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0163-1264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Vodopivec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Biology Station (MBS), National Institute of Biology, SI-6330 Piran, Slovenia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6750-6781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nezha","family":"Mejjad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology, Laboratory of Applied Geology, Geomatics and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Ben M\u2019Sik, Hassan II University, B.P 7955, Casablanca 20670, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8478-3441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim C.G.","family":"Esteves da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Departamento de Geoci\u00eancias, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Territ\u00f3rio, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Simonovi\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Management, University of Primorska, SI-6101 Koper, Slovenia"}]},{"given":"Hakim","family":"Boulaassal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equipe Geoinformation et Am\u00e9nagement du Territoire (GAT), Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Abdelmalek Essaadi, Ancienne Route de l\u2019A\u00e9roport, Km 10, Ziaten. B.P:416 Tanger, Morocco"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.01109645","article-title":"Marine swimming-related illness: Implications for monitoring and environmental policy","volume":"109","author":"Henrickson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00fcndermann, J. (2007). Survey: Sources, paths and effects of marine pollution. Pollution of the Sea\u2014Prevention and Compensation, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-73396-6_2"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Craig-Smith, S.J., Tapper, R., and Font, X. (2006). The coastal and marine environment. Tourism and Global Environmental Change, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203011911-7"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cherif, E.K., Salmoun, F., and Mesas-Carrascosa, F.J. 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