{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:20:47Z","timestamp":1760239247570,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,25]],"date-time":"2020-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PD\/BD\/128509\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BD\/128509\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Extremal dependence or independence may occur among the components of univariate or bivariate random vectors. Assessing which asymptotic regime occurs and also its extent are crucial tasks when such vectors are used as statistical models for risk assessment in the field of Climatology under climate change conditions. Motivated by the poor resolution of current global climate models in North Atlantic Small Islands, the extremal dependence between a North Atlantic Oscillation index (NAOI) and rainfall was considered at multi-year dominance of negative and positive NAOI, i.e., \u2212NAOI and +NAOI dominance subperiods, respectively. The datasets used (from 1948\u20132017) were daily NAOI, and three daily weighted regionalised rainfall series computed based on factor analysis and the Voronoi polygons method from 40 rain gauges in the small island of Madeira (\u223c740 km2), Portugal. The extremogram technique was applied for measuring the extremal dependence within the NAOI univariate series. The cross-extremogram determined the dependence between the upper tail of the weighted regionalised rainfalls, and the upper and lower tails of daily NAOI. Throughout the 70-year period, the results suggest systematic evidence of statistical dependence over Madeira between exceptionally \u2212NAOI records and extreme rainfalls, which is stronger in the \u2212NAOI dominance subperiods. The extremal dependence for +NAOI records is only significant in recent years, however, with a still unclear +NAOI dominance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w12112989","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]],"date-time":"2020-10-26T03:51:47Z","timestamp":1603684307000},"page":"2989","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Significant Extremal Dependence of a Daily North Atlantic Oscillation Index (NAOI) and Weighted Regionalised Rainfall in a Small Island Using the Extremogram"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0059-3953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Angel","family":"Espinosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico (IST), Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability (CERIS), 1040-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5221-1139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Manuela","family":"Portela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico (IST), Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability (CERIS), 1040-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC), 1700-075 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0872-x","article-title":"Complex networks reveal global pattern of extreme-rainfall teleconnections","volume":"566","author":"Boers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"McCarthy, J.J., Canziani, O.F., Leary, N.A., Dokken, D.J., and White, K.S. 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