{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T11:50:31Z","timestamp":1771847431308,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,9]],"date-time":"2020-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NORTE-01-0247-FEDER-033330"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0247-FEDER-033330"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ozonation followed by ultrafiltration (O3 + UF) was employed at pilot scale for the treatment of secondary urban wastewater, envisaging its safe reuse for crop irrigation. Chemical contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) and priority substances (PSs), microbial load, estrogenic activity, cell viability and cellular metabolic activity were measured before and immediately after O3 + UF treatment. The microbial load was also evaluated after one-week storage of the treated water to assess potential bacteria regrowth. Among the organic micropollutants detected, only citalopram and isoproturon were not removed below the limit of quantification. The treatment was also effective in the reduction in the bacterial loads considering current legislation in water quality for irrigation (i.e., in terms of enterobacteria and nematode eggs). However, after seven days of storage, total heterotrophs regrew to levels close to the initial, with the concomitant increase in the genes 16S rRNA and intI1. The assessment of biological effects revealed similar water quality before and after treatment, meaning that O3 + UF did not produce detectable toxic by-products. Thus, the findings of this study indicate that the wastewater treated with this technology comply with the water quality standards for irrigation, even when stored up to one week, although improvements must be made to minimise microbial overgrowth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w12123458","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T22:15:36Z","timestamp":1607638536000},"page":"3458","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["A Pilot Study Combining Ultrafiltration with Ozonation for the Treatment of Secondary Urban Wastewater: Organic Micropollutants, Microbial Load and Biological Effects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7811-6765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e1tia A. L.","family":"Gra\u00e7a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Ribeirinho-Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1498-471X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Abreu-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"In\u00eas I.","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Qu\u00edmicas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana R.","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9rgio M.","family":"Castro-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adventech-Advanced Environmental Technologies, Centro Empresarial e Tecnol\u00f3gico, Rua de Fund\u00f5es 151, 3700-121 S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o da Madeira, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2938-0214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcela A.","family":"Segundo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Qu\u00edmicas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3674-1789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9lia M.","family":"Manaia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Olga C.","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8551-6353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adri\u00e1n M. T.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"UN General Assembly (2020, April 22). Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, 21 October 2015, A\/RES\/70\/1. Available online: https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/57b6e3e44.html."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Jimenez, B., and Asano, T. (2018). Water Reuse: An International Survey of Current Practice, Issues and Needs (Scientific and Technical Report), IWA Publishing."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.2166\/ws.2005.0010","article-title":"Municipal wastewater reclamation: Where do we stand? 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