{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T19:22:14Z","timestamp":1775676134498,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]],"date-time":"2021-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/MAR\/04292\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/MAR\/04292\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UID\/SOC\/04647\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/SOC\/04647\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coastal areas are densely populated areas, and they have been experiencing increasing pressures as a consequence of population growth, but also because of climate change aggravation. For this reason, hazard, vulnerability, and risk indexes have been becoming more recurrent, especially to study and analyze low-lying coastal areas. This study presents an analysis on wave overtopping and coastal flooding, using an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) multicriteria methodology, in Costa da Caparica (Portugal). The definition of the different criteria, as well as their respective weighting for the overall problem and index calculation, was carried out with the help of experts in the subject. By following this methodology, and by using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), hazard, vulnerability, and risk indexes were obtained. The most hazardous areas are located closest to the sea, where the elevation is the lowest, whereas the most vulnerable areas are in neighborhoods with specific socioeconomic characteristics (high urban and economic density). Overall, around 30% of the study area displays moderate to very high risk regarding the occurrence of overtopping and flooding events. The results of this study will be helpful in decision-making processes in matters of coastal zone management and monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w13020237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]],"date-time":"2021-01-21T02:36:05Z","timestamp":1611196565000},"page":"237","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Hazards, Vulnerability, and Risk Analysis on Wave Overtopping and Coastal Flooding in Low-Lying Coastal Areas: The Case of Costa da Caparica, Portugal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7917-7252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Carlos","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1bio Santos","family":"Cardona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENA\u2014Energy and Environment Agency of Arr\u00e1bida, Avenida Belo Horizonte, Edif\u00edcio Escarpas Santos Nicolau, 2910-422 Set\u00fabal, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3012-1343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina","family":"J\u00f3ia Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3047-0807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Tened\u00f3rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS.NOVA\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Social Sciences, NOVA School of Social Sciences and Humanities, NOVA University Lisbon, Av. de Berna, 26-C, 1069-061 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duarte, C.M., Ferreira, J.C., and Fortes, J. (2020). Risk modelling in urban coastal areas to support adaptation to climate change and extreme weather events: Early warning, emergency planning and risk management system. J. Coast. Res., SI95.","DOI":"10.2112\/SI95-153.1"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-009-9671-6","article-title":"Estimating sea-level extremes under conditions of uncertain sea-level rise","volume":"99","author":"Hunter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Reay, D., Sabine, C., Smith, P., and Hymus, G. (2007). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press. Available online: www.ipcc.ch."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"United Nations and Canada (1992). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, United Nations, General Assembly."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2020, September 05). NASA\/GISS Long-Term Warming Trend Continued in 2017: NASA, NOA, Available online: https:\/\/climate.nasa.gov\/news\/2671\/long-term-warming-trend-continued-in-2017-nasa-noaa\/."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.5194\/os-10-473-2014","article-title":"Sources of 21st century regional sea-level rise along the coast of northwest Europe","volume":"10","author":"Howard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Field, C.B., Barros, V.R., Dokken, D.J., Mach, K.J., Mastrandrea, M.D., Bilir, T.E., Chatterjee, M., Ebi, K.L., Estrada, Y.O., and Genova, R.C. (2014). Coastal Systems and Low-Lying Areas. Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contrivution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Santos, F.D., and Miranda, P. (2006). Altera\u00e7\u00f5es Clim\u00e1ticas em Portugal. Cen\u00e1rios, Impactos e Medidas de Adapta\u00e7\u00e3o. Projeto SIAM II, Gradiva Publica\u00e7\u00f5es, Lda.. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Dias, J.A., Ferreira, \u00d3., and Pereira, A.R. (1994). Estudo Sint\u00e9tico de Diagn\u00f3stico da Geomorfologia e da Din\u00e2mica Sedimentar dos Tro\u00e7os Costeiros Entre Espinho e Nazar\u00e9, ESAMIN\u2014Estudos de Ambiente e Inform\u00e1tica, Lda."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Autoridade Nacional de Prote\u00e7\u00e3o Civil (2010). Cadernos T\u00e9cnicos PROCIV: Riscos Costeiros\u2014Estrat\u00e9gias de preven\u00e7\u00e3o, mitiga\u00e7\u00e3o e protec\u00e7\u00e3o, no \u00e2mbito do planeamento de emerg\u00eancia e do ordenamento do territ\u00f3rio, ANPC."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1590","article-title":"Coastal zone vulnerability and risk evaluation: A tool for decision-making (an example in the Caparica Littoral-Portugal)","volume":"39","author":"Ferreira","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Raposeiro, P.D., Reis, M.T., Fortes, C.J., and Ferreira, J.C. (2009, January 13). Methodology for estimating run-up and flooding at the costal zone using the GUIOMAR system: Application to Vale do Lobo beach. Proceedings of the Conference: CoastGIS 2009, Oeiras, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Ferreira, J.C.R. (2020, September 05). Ordenamento Ambiental de Frentes Urbanas Litorais em \u00c1reas Baixas de Elevado Risco e Vulnerabilidade ao Galgamento Costeiro. Available online: http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10362\/19883."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2007.05.006","article-title":"A cost-benefit appraisal of coastal managed realignment policy","volume":"17","author":"Turner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoforum.2007.06.007","article-title":"Social justice in coastal erosion management: The temporal and spatial dimensions","volume":"39","author":"Cooper","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geoforum"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"7","article-title":"Evolu\u00e7\u00e3o da Zona Costeira Portuguesa: For\u00e7amentos Antr\u00f3picos e Naturais","volume":"1","author":"Dias","year":"2005","journal-title":"Encontros Cient\u00edficos Turismo Gest\u00e3o Fiscalidade"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"15","article-title":"A Evolu\u00e7\u00e3o Actual do Litoral Portugu\u00eas","volume":"11","author":"Dias","year":"1990","journal-title":"Geonovas"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-950X(2008)134:6(336)","article-title":"Impact of Anthropogenic Modifications of a River Basin on Neighboring Coasts: Case Study","volume":"134","author":"Yuhi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Waterw. Port Coast. Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"127","article-title":"The impact of dredging works in coastal waters: A review of the sensitivity to disturbance and subsequent recovery of biological resources on the sea bed","volume":"36","author":"Newell","year":"1998","journal-title":"Oceanogr. Mar. Biol."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Cardona, F.M.S. (2015). Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o do Risco de Eros\u00e3o, Galgamento e Inunda\u00e7\u00e3o Costeira em \u00c1reas Artificiais de Portugal Continental: Estrat\u00e9gias de Adapta\u00e7\u00e3o Face a Diferentes Cen\u00e1rios de Risco (Relocaliza\u00e7\u00e3o, Acomoda\u00e7\u00e3o e Prote\u00e7\u00e3o), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"French, P.W. (2001). Coastal Defences: Processes, Problems and Solutions, Routledge. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203187630"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.2112\/JCOASTRES-D-10-00189.1","article-title":"Evolution of coastal defence structures and consequences for beach width trends, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada","volume":"28","author":"Bernatchez","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Martinho, M.F.M.A. (2014). Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o e Gest\u00e3o de Riscos em \u00c1reas Litorais. Contributo para o Desenvolvimento de um Sistema de Previs\u00e3o e Alerta de Inunda\u00e7\u00e3o em Zonas Costeiras, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.5894\/rgci378","article-title":"An\u00e1lise Comparativa da Agita\u00e7\u00e3o Obtida com o Modelo Num\u00e9rico (SWAN) na Modelagem de Ondas do Litoral Setentrional do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil e Dados de Campo","volume":"13","author":"Matos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Gest\u00e3o Costeira Integr."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1896","article-title":"Evaluation of Coastal Flood Risk Areas and Adaptation Strategie for a Sustainable Planning","volume":"SI 64","author":"Raposeiro","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Neves, P., Poseiro, P., Fortes, C.J., Reis, M.T., Capit\u00e3o, R., Antunes do Carmo, J.S., Raposeiro, P., and Ferreira, J.C. (2013, January 10\u201311). O Projeto Hidralerta\u2014Sistema de Previs\u00e3o e Alerta de Inunda\u00e7\u00f5es Costeiras e Portu\u00e1rias. Proceedings of the 8\u00aas Jornadas Portuguesas de Engenharia Costeira e Portu\u00e1ria, Lisboa, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"77","article-title":"Aplica\u00e7\u00f5es Do Sistema De Previs\u00e3o E Alerta Do Risco De Galgamentos Em Zonas Costeiras E Portu\u00e1rias: Costa Da Caparica E Praia Da Vit\u00f3ria","volume":"7","author":"Poseiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Eng. E Tecnol."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Fortes, C.J.E.M., Reis, M.T., Poseiro, P., Santos, J.A., Pinheiro, L., Craveiro, J., Rodrigues, A., Sabino, A., Silva, S.F., and Ferreira, J.C. (2014, January 21\u201326). HIDRALERTA Project: A Flood Forecast and Alert System in Coastal and Port Areas. Proceedings of the IWA\u2014World Water Congress & Exhibition, Lisbon, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Poseiro, P., Capit\u00e3o, R., Fortes, C., Silva, S., and Ferreira, J.C. (2014). Relat\u00f3rio do Levantamento de Perfis Morfol\u00f3gicos do Sistema Praia-duna da Costa da Caparica, entre Cova do Vapor e Ribeira Foz do Rego 29 e 30 de abril de 2014, Laborat\u00f3rio Nacional de Engenharia Civil."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Poseiro, P., Reis, R., Ferreira, J.C., Fortes, C., and Capit\u00e3o, R. (2014). Sistema de Previs\u00e3o e Alerta de Inunda\u00e7\u00f5es em Zonas Costeiras e Portu\u00e1rias ptdc\/aac-amb\/120702\/2010\u2014Relat\u00f3rio do Levantamento de Perfis Morfol\u00f3gicos do Sistema Praia-duna da Costa da Caparica, entre Cova do Vapor e Ribeira Foz do Rego, Laborat\u00f3rio Nacional de Engenharia Civil."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2015.09.002","article-title":"A coastal vulnerability and environmental risk assessment of Loughor Estuary, South Wales","volume":"116","author":"Denner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-0182(91)90173-O","article-title":"Global coastal hazards from future sea level rise","volume":"89","author":"Gornitz","year":"1991","journal-title":"Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gornitz, V.M., and White, T.W. (1992). A coastal hazards data base for the U.S. east coast. Environ. Sci. Div., 174.","DOI":"10.2172\/7061112"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2016.08.019","article-title":"Counting the cost of coastal vulnerability","volume":"132","author":"Kantamaneni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaw, J., Taylor, R.B., Forbes, D.L., Solomon, S., and Ruz, M.H. (1998). Sensitivity of the Coasts of Canada to Sea-Level Rise.","DOI":"10.4095\/210075"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thieler, E.R., and Hammar-Klose, E.S. (2020, September 05). National Assessment of Coastal Vulnerability to Sea-Level Rise: Preliminary Results for the U.S. Atlantic Coast U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99\u2013593, Available online: https:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/of\/1999\/of99-593\/.","DOI":"10.3133\/ofr99593"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2017.04.010","article-title":"An index-based method for coastal-flood risk assessment in low-lying areas (Costa de Caparica, Portugal)","volume":"144","author":"Silva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-6237.8402002","article-title":"Social vulnerability to environmental hazards","volume":"84","author":"Cutter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Q."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.2112\/04-0172.1","article-title":"Erosion hazard vulnerability of US coastal counties","volume":"21","author":"Boruff","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Kaplan, M.F., and Schwartz, S. (1975). Public values: Multiattribute-utility measurement for social decision making. Human Judgment and Decision Process, Academic Press Series in Cognition and Perception, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Coelho, C.D.B. (2005). Riscos de Exposi\u00e7\u00e3o de Frentes Urbanas para Diferentes Interven\u00e7\u00f5es de Defesa Costeira, Universidade de Aveiro."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marcomini, A., Critto, A., and Sutter, G.W. (2009). Decision Support. Systems for Risk-Based Management of Contaminated Sites, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-09722-0"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1527-6988(2002)3:4(163)","article-title":"Community Vulnerability Assessment Tool Methodology","volume":"3","author":"Flax","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1080\/00045608.2015.1072792","article-title":"Disaster Vulnerability Mapping for a Densely Populated Coastal Urban Area: An Application to Mumbai, India","volume":"105","author":"Sherly","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Misdorp, R. (2011). The cosmo-line: Interactive tools for ICZM. Concepts, Tools and Measures\u2014Climate of Coastal Cooperation, Coastal and Marine Union."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"UNFCC (2014). Decision Support Models: COSMO (Coastal Zone Simulation Model), UNFCC."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2015.11.003","article-title":"DESYCO: A decision support system for the regional risk assessment of climate change impacts in coastal zones","volume":"120","author":"Torresan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.5194\/adgeo-4-45-2005","article-title":"DIVA: An iterative method for building modular integrated models","volume":"4","author":"Hinkel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"1","article-title":"DINAS-COAST: Developing a Method and a Tool for Dynamic and Interactive Vulnerability Assessment","volume":"27","author":"Hinkel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Land-Ocean Interact. Coast. Zone"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"McFadden, L., Nicholls, R.J., and Penning-Rowsell, E.C. (2008). Integrating Knowledge for Assessing Coastal Vulnerability to Climate Change. Managing Coastal Vulnerability: An Integral Approach, Emerald Group Publishing, Ltd."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1007\/s11027-010-9237-y","article-title":"Assessing risk of and adaptation to sea-level rise in the European Union: An application of DIVA","volume":"15","author":"Hinkel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. Glob. Chang."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Z\u00eazere, J.L. (1997). Movimentos de Vertente e Perigosidade Geomorfol\u00f3gica na Regi\u00e3o a Norte de Lisboa, Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/028072700302100201","article-title":"Vulnerability as a Measure of Change in Society","volume":"21","author":"Bankoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Mass Emerg. Disasters"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envhaz.2007.04.002","article-title":"Risk and vulnerability indicators at different scales: Applicability, usefulness and policy implications","volume":"7","author":"Birkmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-011-0046-8","article-title":"Assessing future risk: Quantifying the effects of sea level rise on storm surge risk for the southern shores of Long Island, New York","volume":"60","author":"Shepard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"UN\/ISDR (2004). Living with Risk: A Global Review of Disaster Reduction Initiatives, United Nations. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"UN\/ISDR (2009). 2009 UNISDR Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction, International Strategy for Disaster Reduction."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"(2009). Guia Metodol\u00f3gico Para a Produ\u00e7\u00e3o de Cartografia Municipal de Risco e Para a Cria\u00e7\u00e3o de Sistemas de Informa\u00e7\u00e3o Geogr\u00e1fica (SIG) de Base Municipal, ANPC."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"UNDP (2004). Reducing Disaster Risk: A Challenge for Development-a Global Report, United Nations Development Programme\u2014Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2010.04.005","article-title":"Some extensions on risk matrix approach","volume":"48","author":"Ni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1205\/095758203762851949","article-title":"Appropriate risk assessment methods for major accident establishments","volume":"81","author":"Carter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Process. Saf. Environ. Prot. Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng. Part. B"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"WMO (2006). Comprehensive Risk Assessment for Natural Hazards, World Meteorological Organization\u2014Hydrology and Water Resources Department."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, C.J., Andriolo, U., and Ferreira, J.C. (2020). Shoreline response to a sandy nourishment in a wave-dominated coast using video monitoring. Water, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/w12061632"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-2217(90)90057-I","article-title":"How to make a decision: The analytic hierarchy process","volume":"48","author":"Saaty","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coastaleng.2005.12.005","article-title":"Empirical parameterization of setup, swash, and runup","volume":"53","author":"Stockdon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Coast. Eng."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3291","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-13-3291-2013","article-title":"Coastal vulnerability assessment of Puducherry coast, India, using the analytical hierarchical process","volume":"13","author":"Ankita","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.7763\/IJESD.2014.V5.538","article-title":"Study of the Vulnerability of Coastal Areas of the Algerian Basin with the GIS","volume":"5","author":"Mihoubi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Dev."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s11852-012-0180-9","article-title":"National assessment of coastal vulnerability to sea-level rise for the Chinese coast","volume":"16","author":"Yin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Coast. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruno, M.F., Saponieri, A., Molfetta, M.G., and Damiani, L. (2020). The DPSIR approach for coastal risk assessment under climate change at regional scale: The case of apulian coast (Italy). J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse8070531"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.2112\/SI95-149.1","article-title":"Cost and Benefit Analysis of Climate Change Adaptation Strategies in Coastal Areas at Risk","volume":"95","author":"Cardona","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."}],"container-title":["Water"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/13\/2\/237\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:12:57Z","timestamp":1760159577000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/13\/2\/237"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["w13020237"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/w13020237","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4441"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4441","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]]}}}