{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T02:29:41Z","timestamp":1773973781829,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]],"date-time":"2021-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the new strategic research (P2P) project, Walailak University, Thailand","award":["CGS-P2P-2564-038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGS-P2P-2564-038"]}]},{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University","award":["RGP. 2\/173\/42"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP. 2\/173\/42"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate monthly runoff estimation is crucial in water resources management, planning, and development, preventing and reducing water-related problems, such as flooding and droughts. This article evaluates the monthly hydrological rainfall-runoff model\u2019s performance, the GR2M model, in Thailand\u2019s southern basins. The GR2M model requires only two parameters: production store (X1) and groundwater exchange rate (X2). Moreover, no prior research has been reported on its application in this region. The 37 runoff stations, which are located in three sub-watersheds of Thailand\u2019s southern region, namely; Thale Sap Songkhla, Peninsular-East Coast, and Peninsular-West Coast, were selected as study cases. The available monthly hydrological data of runoff, rainfall, air temperature from the Royal Irrigation Department (RID) and the Thai Meteorological Department (TMD) were collected and analyzed. The Thornthwaite method was utilized for the determination of evapotranspiration. The model\u2019s performance was conducted using three statistical indices: Nash\u2013Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE), Correlation Coefficient (r), and Overall Index (OI). The model\u2019s calibration results for 37 runoff stations gave the average NSE, r, and OI of 0.657, 0.825, and 0.757, respectively. Moreover, the NSE, r, and OI values for the model\u2019s verification were 0.472, 0.750, and 0.639, respectively. Hence, the GR2M model was qualified and reliable to apply for determining monthly runoff variation in this region. The spatial distribution of production store (X1) and groundwater exchange rate (X2) values was conducted using the IDW method. It was susceptible to the X1, and X2 values of approximately more than 0.90, gave the higher model\u2019s performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w13091226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]],"date-time":"2021-04-28T22:29:07Z","timestamp":1619648947000},"page":"1226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Performance Evaluation of a Two-Parameters Monthly Rainfall-Runoff Model in the Southern Basin of Thailand"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9847-2177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pakorn","family":"Ditthakit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Technology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Sustainable Disaster Management, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand"}]},{"given":"Sirimon","family":"Pinthong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Technology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Sustainable Disaster Management, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand"}]},{"given":"Nureehan","family":"Salaeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Technology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Sustainable Disaster Management, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand"}]},{"given":"Fadilah","family":"Binnui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Technology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Sustainable Disaster Management, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4676-2767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laksanara","family":"Khwanchum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Sustainable Disaster Management, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand"},{"name":"School of Languages and General Education, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7464-8377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alban","family":"Kuriqi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4167-1690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaled Mohamed","family":"Khedher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, High Institute of Technological Studies, Mrezgua University Campus, Nabeul 8000, Tunisia"}]},{"given":"Quoc Bao","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Technology, Thu Dau Mot University, Binh Duong 75000, Vietnam"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/13241583.2011.11465379","article-title":"Rainfall-runoff Modelling across Southeast Australia: Datasets, Models and Results","volume":"14","author":"Vaze","year":"2010","journal-title":"Australas. 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