{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T00:59:48Z","timestamp":1768006788441,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]],"date-time":"2021-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Council of Norway","award":["244022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["244022"]}]},{"name":"Research Council of Norway","award":["257588"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["257588"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fish swimming performance is strongly influenced by flow hydrodynamics, but little is known about the relation between fine-scale fish movements and hydrodynamics based on in-situ investigations. In the presented study, we validated the etho-hydraulic fish swimming direction model presented in the River Mandal from Southern Norway, using similar behavioral and hydraulic data on salmon smolts from the River Orkla in Central Norway. The re-parametrized model explained the variation of the swimming direction of fish in the Orkla system in same degree as the original model performed in the Mandal system (R2: 84% in both cases). The transferability of the model when using it from one river to predict swimming direction in the other river was lower (R2: 21% and 26%), but nevertheless relatively high given that the two localities differed in hydraulic conditions. The analyses thus provide support for the fact that the identified hydraulic parameters and their interaction affected smolt behavior in a similar way at the two sites, but that local parametrization of the base model is required. The developed etho-hydraulic models can provide important insights into fish behavior and fish migration trajectories and can be developed into prediction models important for the future development of behavioral downstream migration solutions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w13091230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]],"date-time":"2021-04-28T22:29:07Z","timestamp":1619648947000},"page":"1230","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Validation of a Swimming Direction Model for the Downstream Migration of Atlantic Salmon Smolts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5221-8317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcell","family":"Szabo-Meszaros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, S. P. Andersens 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3605-6164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), H\u00f8gskoleringen 9, 7043 Trondheim, Norway"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"B\u00e6rum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute of Nature Research (NINA), Fakkelg\u00e5rden, 2624 Lillehammer, Norway"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Baktoft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4076-8351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Knut","family":"Alfredsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, S. P. Andersens 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Hedger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), H\u00f8gskoleringen 9, 7043 Trondheim, Norway"}]},{"given":"Finn","family":"\u00d8kland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), H\u00f8gskoleringen 9, 7043 Trondheim, Norway"}]},{"given":"Karl","family":"Gjelland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Hjalmar Johansens gate 14, 9007 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}]},{"given":"Hans-Petter","family":"Fjeldstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SINTEF Energy Research, Sem S\u00e6landsvei 11, 7048 Trondheim, Norway"}]},{"given":"Olle","family":"Calles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"River Ecology and Management Research Group RivEM, Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Karlstad University, 651 88 Karlstad, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Torbj\u00f8rn","family":"Forseth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), H\u00f8gskoleringen 9, 7043 Trondheim, Norway"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1525\/bio.2012.62.6.5","article-title":"Implications of Dam Obstruction for Global Freshwater Fish Diversity","volume":"62","author":"Liermann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1111\/faf.12258","article-title":"The future of fish passage science, engineering, and practice","volume":"19","author":"Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fish Fish."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1071\/MF18120","article-title":"Safe two-way migration for salmonids and eel past hydropower structures in Europe: A review and recommendations for best-practice solutions","volume":"69","author":"Fjeldstad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Freshw. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Taft, E., Hofmann, P., Eisle, P., and Horst, T. (1976, January 24). An experimental approach to the design of systems for alleviating fish impingement at existing and proposed power plant intake structures. Proceedings of the 3rd National Workshop on Entrainment and Impingement, New York, NY, USA."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1002\/rra.1551","article-title":"Thinking Like a Fish: A Key Ingredient for Development of Effective Fish Passage Facilities at River Obstructions","volume":"28","author":"Williams","year":"2012","journal-title":"River Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"105","article-title":"Integrated, multi-sensory, behavioral guidance systems for fish diversions","volume":"26","author":"Coutant","year":"2001","journal-title":"Behavioral Technologies for Fish Guidance"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1002\/rra.1363","article-title":"Effects of Water Velocity and Turbulence on the Behaviour of Iberian Barbel (Luciobarbus Bocagei, Steindachner 1864) in an Experimental Pool-Type Fishway","volume":"27","author":"Silva","year":"2011","journal-title":"River Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.041806","article-title":"The effects of turbulent eddies on the stability and critical swimming speed of creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus)","volume":"213","author":"Tritico","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1002\/rra.1584","article-title":"The Ipos Framework: Linking Fish Swimming Performance in Altered Flows from Laboratory Experiments to Rivers","volume":"28","author":"Lacey","year":"2012","journal-title":"River Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5277","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1311874111","article-title":"Fish navigation of large dams emerges from their modulation of flow field experience","volume":"111","author":"Goodwin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prod. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135773","article-title":"The effects of hydrodynamics on the three-dimensional downstream migratory movement of Atlantic salmon","volume":"705","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baktoft, H., Gjelland, K.O., Szabo-Meszaros, M., Silva, A.T., Riha, M., Okland, F., Alfredsen, K., and Forseth, T. (2020). Can Energy Depletion of Wild Atlantic Salmon Kelts Negotiating Hydropower Facilities Lead to Reduced Survival?. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12187341"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14294","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14278-z","article-title":"Positioning of aquatic animals based on time-of-arrival and random walk models using YAPS (Yet Another Positioning Solver)","volume":"7","author":"Baktoft","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep. UK"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Greenshields, C.J.O.F.L. (2021, April 28). The Open Source CFD Toolbox (Version 4.1.0). Available online: https:\/\/openfoam.org\/."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coastaleng.2012.07.002","article-title":"Realistic wave generation and active wave absorption for Navier-Stokes models Application to OpenFOAM (R)","volume":"71","author":"Higuera","year":"2013","journal-title":"Coast. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/0045-7825(74)90029-2","article-title":"The numerical computation of turbulent flows","volume":"3","author":"Launder","year":"1974","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2131","DOI":"10.1002\/eco.2131","article-title":"Modelling mitigation measures for smolt migration at dammed river sections","volume":"12","author":"Forseth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecohydrology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thorstad, E.B., Whoriskey, F., Rikardsen, A.H., and Aarestrup, K.J.A. (2011). Aquatic nomads: The Life and Migrations of the Atlantic Salmon, Wiley-Blackwell. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444327755.ch1"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2017-066","article-title":"glmmTMB Balances Speed and Flexibility Among Packages for Zero-inflated Generalized Linear Mixed Modeling","volume":"9","author":"Brooks","year":"2017","journal-title":"R J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1974.1100705","article-title":"New Look at Statistical-Model Identification","volume":"19","author":"Akaike","year":"1974","journal-title":"IEEE T. Automat. Contr."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Bolker, B. (2021, April 28). Tools for General Maximum Likelihood Estimation. R Development Core Team. Available online: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=bbmle."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/eff.12447","article-title":"Swimming performance of brown trout and grayling show species-specific responses to changes in temperature","volume":"28","author":"Taugbol","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Freshw. Fish"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0426.2010.01457.x","article-title":"Critical swimming speed of yellow- and silver-phase European eel (Anguilla anguilla, L.)","volume":"26","author":"Quintella","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ichthyol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icq057","article-title":"Disentangling the Functional Roles of Morphology and Motion in the Swimming of Fish","volume":"50","author":"Tytell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Integr. Comp. Biol."}],"container-title":["Water"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/13\/9\/1230\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:54:55Z","timestamp":1760162095000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/13\/9\/1230"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["w13091230"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/w13091230","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4441"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4441","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]]}}}