{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T02:59:28Z","timestamp":1763348368545,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sustainability and efficiency in irrigation are essential in the management of the water\u2013energy\u2013food nexus to reach the Sustainable Development Goals in 2030. In irrigation systems, the reduction of energy consumption is required to improve the system efficiency and consequently the sustainability indicators of the water network. The use of pumps working as turbines (PATs) has been a feasible solution to recover the excess of energy where pressure reduction valves are installed. This research demonstrates the use of PATs under steady and unsteady conditions by analyzing the application in a real irrigation networks located in Vallada (Valencia, Spain). The study shows the possibility of recovering 44 MWh\/year using PATs installed upstream of the irrigation hydrants. The real behavior of the PAT operation in a stand-alone recovery energy solution allowed analysis of the flow, head and efficiency variation as a function of the rotational speed, as well as the minimum capacitance to self-excite the generator and the resistive load of the electrical circuit. The PAT limit is examined in terms of the overpressure induced by a fast closure manoeuvre of hydrants, and the runaway conditions due to the disconnection from the electrical load.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w13101359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]],"date-time":"2021-05-14T03:28:36Z","timestamp":1620962916000},"page":"1359","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["PATs Behavior in Pressurized Irrigation Hydrants towards Sustainability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8316-7778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Modesto","family":"P\u00e9rez-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering Department, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9674-5490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o F. P.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7072-5184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P. J. Costa","family":"Branco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7043-3683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P. Amparo","family":"L\u00f3pez-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering Department, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9028-9711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena M.","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering, Architecture and Georesources Department, CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Bernard, L. (2020). 2020 Statistical Review of World Energy, BP. [69th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Optimization of Water Distribution Networks for Combined Hydropower Energy Recovery and Leakage Reduction","volume":"142","author":"Corcoran","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Water Resour. Plan. 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