{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T22:46:40Z","timestamp":1768085200227,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["823860"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["823860"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cyanobacteria blooms occur frequently in freshwaters around the world. Some can produce and release toxic compounds called cyanotoxins, which represent a danger to both the environment and human health. Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is the most toxic variant reported all over the world. Conventional water treatment methods are expensive and require specialized personnel and equipment. Recently, a multi-soil-layering (MSL) system, a natural and low-cost technology, has been introduced as an attractive cost-effective, and environmentally friendly technology that is likely to be an alternative to conventional wastewater treatment methods. This study aims to evaluate, for the first time, the efficiency of MSL eco-technology to remove MC-LR on a laboratory scale using local materials. To this end, an MSL pilot plant was designed to treat distilled water contaminated with MC-LR. The pilot was composed of an alternation of permeable layers (pozzolan) and soil mixture layers (local sandy soil, sawdust, charcoal, and metallic iron on a dry weight ratio of 70, 10, 10, and 10%, respectively) arranged in a brick-layer-like pattern. MSL pilot was continuously fed with synthetic water containing distilled water contaminated with increasing concentrations of MC-LR (0.18\u201310 \u00b5g\/L) at a hydraulic loading rate (HLR) of 200 L m\u22122 day\u22121. The early results showed MC-LR removal of above 99%. Based on these preliminary results, the multi-soil-layering eco-technology could be considered as a promising solution to treat water contaminated by MC-LR in order to produce quality water for irrigation or recreational activities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w13101403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T23:34:46Z","timestamp":1621380886000},"page":"1403","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["First Report on Cyanotoxin (MC-LR) Removal from Surface Water by Multi-Soil-Layering (MSL) Eco-Technology: Preliminary Results"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Roseline Prisca","family":"Aba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Studies and Research on Water and Energy, Cadi Ayyad University, P.O. Box: 511, 40000 Marrakech, Morocco"},{"name":"Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, P.O. Box: 2390, 40000 Marrakech, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9012-4012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Mugani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Studies and Research on Water and Energy, Cadi Ayyad University, P.O. Box: 511, 40000 Marrakech, Morocco"},{"name":"Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, P.O. Box: 2390, 40000 Marrakech, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Abdessamad","family":"Hejjaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, P.O. Box: 2390, 40000 Marrakech, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Nelly","family":"Brugerolle de Fraissinette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6295-9637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brahim","family":"Oudra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Studies and Research on Water and Energy, Cadi Ayyad University, P.O. Box: 511, 40000 Marrakech, Morocco"},{"name":"Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, P.O. Box: 2390, 40000 Marrakech, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Naaila","family":"Ouazzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Studies and Research on Water and Energy, Cadi Ayyad University, P.O. Box: 511, 40000 Marrakech, Morocco"},{"name":"Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, P.O. Box: 2390, 40000 Marrakech, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3585-2417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitor","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7131-9102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro N.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4874-8531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laila","family":"Mandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Studies and Research on Water and Energy, Cadi Ayyad University, P.O. Box: 511, 40000 Marrakech, Morocco"},{"name":"Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, P.O. Box: 2390, 40000 Marrakech, Morocco"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Whitton, B.A., and Potts, M. (2000). The Fossil Record: Tracing the Roots of the Cyanobacterial Lineage. The Ecology of Cyanobacteria, Kluwer Academic."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5442","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0600999103","article-title":"The evolutionary diversification of cyanobacteria: Molecular-phylogenetic and paleontological perspectives","volume":"103","author":"Tomitani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 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