{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T15:38:07Z","timestamp":1769096287664,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":162,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]],"date-time":"2021-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The APC was funded by the COST Action CA17133","award":["COST Action CA17133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COST Action CA17133"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Water in the city is typically exploited in a linear process, in which most of it is polluted, treated, and discharged; during this process, valuable nutrients are lost in the treatment process instead of being cycled back and used in urban agriculture or green space. The purpose of this paper is to advance a new paradigm to close water cycles in cities via the implementation of nature-based solutions units (NBS_u), with a particular focus on building greening elements, such as green roofs (GRs) and vertical greening systems (VGS). The hypothesis is that such \u201ccircular systems\u201d can provide substantial ecosystem services and minimize environmental degradation. Our method is twofold: we first examine these systems from a life-cycle point of view, assessing not only the inputs of conventional and alternative materials, but the ongoing input of water that is required for irrigation. Secondly, the evapotranspiration performance of VGS in Copenhagen, Berlin, Lisbon, Rome, Istanbul, and Tel Aviv, cities with different climatic, architectural, and sociocultural contexts have been simulated using a verticalized ET0 approach, assessing rainwater runoff and greywater as irrigation resources. The water cycling performance of VGS in the mentioned cities would be sufficient at recycling 44% (Lisbon) to 100% (Berlin, Istanbul) of all accruing rainwater roof\u2013runoff, if water shortages in dry months are bridged by greywater. Then, 27\u201353% of the greywater accruing in a building could be managed on its greened surface. In conclusion, we address the gaps in the current knowledge and policies identified in the different stages of analyses, such as the lack of comprehensive life cycle assessment studies that quantify the complete \u201cwater footprint\u201d of building greening systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w13162165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,8]],"date-time":"2021-08-08T21:35:40Z","timestamp":1628458540000},"page":"2165","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Closing Water Cycles in the Built Environment through Nature-Based Solutions: The Contribution of Vertical Greening Systems and Green Roofs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Pearlmutter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Beer-Sheva 84990, Israel"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1666-0906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernhard","family":"Pucher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sanitary Engineering and Water Pollution Control, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3159-3497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina S. C.","family":"Calheiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR\/CIMAR), University of Porto, Novo Edif\u00edcio do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S\/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Karin A.","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Ecohydrology and Landscape Evaluation, Institute of Ecology, Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 10587 Berlin, Germany"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Aicher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bauhaus Institute for Infrastructure Solutions, Bauhaus-Universit\u00e4t Weimar, Goethe Platz 7\/8, 99423 Weimar, Germany"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Pinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"cE3c-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes FCUL, Edif\u00edcio C2, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5969-2011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Stracqualursi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Planning, Design, Technology of Architecture, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Flaminia, 72, 00196 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Alisa","family":"Korolova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Architecture, Riga Technical University Kipsalas, Str. 6, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7838-0267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alma","family":"Pobric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Add. Zmaja od Bosne 33-35, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1513-4522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Galv\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ay\u00e7a","family":"Toku\u00e7","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture, Dokuz Eylul University, Campus of Tinaztepe, Buca \u0130zmir 35160, Turkey"}]},{"given":"Bilge","family":"Bas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Istanbul Bilgi University, Santralistanbul, Kazim Karabekir Cd. No: 13, Istanbul 34060, Turkey"}]},{"given":"Dimitra","family":"Theochari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MERA Landschaftsarchitekten mbB, Griegstra\u00dfe 75, Haus 24b, 22763 Hamburg, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5050-0052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dragan","family":"Milosevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Climatology and Hydrology Research Centre, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovi\u0107a 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2450-1494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuela","family":"Giancola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency in Buildings Unit, CIEMAT, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5623-0700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaetano","family":"Bertino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alchemia-Nova GmbH, Institute for Innovative Phytochemistry & Closed Loop Processes, A-1140 Vienna, Austria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2362-4417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana A. C.","family":"Castellar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Carrer Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain"},{"name":"University of Girona, Pla\u00e7a de Sant Dom\u00e8nec 3, 17004 Girona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3047-3779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Flaszynska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty for Architecture and Planning, Technical University of Vienna, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Vienna, Austria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4511-1284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Makbulenur","family":"Onur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Landscape Architecture, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon 61080, Turkey"}]},{"given":"Mari Carmen Garcia","family":"Mateo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MCG Research & Innovation Sustainability Architecture\/Urban Planning, Zarandona, 30004 Murcia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3411-1572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Beatrice","family":"Andreucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Planning, Design, Technology of Architecture, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Flaminia, 72, 00196 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Milousi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Koila, 50100 Kozani, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2455-9859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associa\u00e7\u00e3o CECOLAB, Collaborative Laboratory towards Circular Economy, R. Nossa Senhora da Concei\u00e7\u00e3o, 3405-155 Oliveira do Hospital, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6251-4328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara Di","family":"Lonardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems-National Research Council (IRET-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1428-5791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronika","family":"Gezik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Management, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odboj\u00e1rov 10, P.O. Box 95, 82005 Bratislava 25, Slovakia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3363-6649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrike","family":"Pitha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering and Natural Hazards, Institute of Soil Bioengineering and Landscape Construction, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Strasse 82, A-1190 Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Nehls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Ecohydrology and Landscape Evaluation, Institute of Ecology, Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 10587 Berlin, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"UNESCO (2012). Managing water under uncertaintly and risk. The United Nations Worls Water Development Report 4, UNESCO."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"UNESCO (2018). The United Nations World Water Development Report 2018: Nature-Based Solutions for Water, UNESCO."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.226","article-title":"Greywater recycling in buildings using living walls and green roofs: A review of the applicability and challenges","volume":"652","author":"Pradhan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.2166\/bgs.2020.930","article-title":"A review of nature-based solutions for resource recovery in cities","volume":"2","author":"Kisser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blue-Green Syst."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.2166\/bgs.2020.932","article-title":"A review of nature-based solutions for urban water management in European circular cities: A critical assessment based on case studies and literature","volume":"2","author":"Oral","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blue-Green Syst."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gr\u00e4f, M., Immitzer, M., Hietz, P., and Stangl, R. (2021). Water-stressed plants do not cool: Leaf surface temperature of living wall plants under drought stress. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13073910"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146237","article-title":"Nature-based solutions in the urban context: Terminology, classification and scoring for urban challenges and ecosystem services","volume":"779","author":"Castellar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s43615-021-00024-1","article-title":"Nature-based solutions and circularity in cities","volume":"1","author":"Atanasova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ. Econ. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Langergraber, G., Castellar, J.A.C., Pucher, B., Baganz, G., Milosevic, D., Andreucci, M.B., Kearny, K., Pineda-Martos, R., and Atanasova, N. (2021). A framework for addressing circularity challenges in cities with nature-based solutions. Water, submitted.","DOI":"10.3390\/w13172355"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.2166\/bgs.2019.928","article-title":"Enhancing the circular economy with nature-based solutions in the built urban environment: Green building materials, systems and sites","volume":"2","author":"Pearlmutter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blue-Green Syst."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.2166\/bgs.2020.933","article-title":"Implementing nature-based solutions for creating a resourceful circular city","volume":"2","author":"Langergraber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blue-Green Syst."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.5004\/dwt.2018.22143","article-title":"\u201cWetwall\u201d-an innovative design concept for the treatment of wastewater at an urban scale","volume":"109","author":"Arias","year":"2018","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134731","article-title":"A review of nature-based solutions for greywater treatment: Applications, hydraulic design, and environmental benefits","volume":"711","author":"Boano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prenner, F., Pucher, B., Zluwa, I., Pitha, U., and Langergraber, G. (2021). Rainwater Use for Vertical Greenery Systems: Development of a Conceptual Model for a Better Understanding of Processes and Influencing Factors. Water, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/w13131860"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115988","article-title":"Nature-based solutions as enablers of circularity in water systems: A review on assessment methodologies, tools and indicators","volume":"183","author":"Nika","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Mendez, C.B., Afshar, B.R., and Kinney, K. (2010). Effect of Roof Material on Water Quality for Rainwater Harvesting Systems, Texas Water Development Board."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2012.08.020","article-title":"Assessment of water quality of first-flush roof runoff and harvested rainwater","volume":"466\u2013467","author":"Gikas","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.2175\/106143013X13706200598433","article-title":"Effects of catchment, first-flush, storage conditions, and time on microbial quality in rainwater harvesting systems","volume":"85","author":"Amin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Allen, R., Pereira, L., Raes, D., and Smith, M. (1998). FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 56: Crop Evapotranspiration, FAO."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Saad, R. (2020). Modelling the Water Demand of Urban Vertical Green Based on Remote Climate Station Data. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Technical University]."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-092X(86)90013-7","article-title":"An anisotropic hourly diffuse radiation model for sloping surfaces: Description, performance validation, site dependency evaluation","volume":"36","author":"Perez","year":"1986","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.110816","article-title":"Modelling the cooling energy saving potential of facade greening in summer for a set of building typologies in mid-latitudes","volume":"238","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"CAP (2021, May 26). Copenhagen Climate Adaptation Plan. Available online: https:\/\/en.klimatilpasning.dk\/media\/568851\/copenhagen_adaption_plan.pdf."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"35","article-title":"A New methodology for analysis of spatial interventions towards sustainability in social housing regeneration\u2013the case of gyldenrisparken in Copenhagen","volume":"37","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metu J. Fac. Archit."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2018.09.030","article-title":"Heating system energy flexibility of low-energy residential buildings","volume":"180","author":"Foteinaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2014.07.005","article-title":"Land use patterns, temperature distribution, and potential heat stress risk-The case study Berlin, Germany","volume":"48","author":"Dugord","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban. Syst."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2021, May 26). SDUD Senate Department of Urban Development (SDUD): Fl\u00e4chennutzung und Stadtstruktur, Dokumentation der Kartiereinheiten und Aktualisierung des Datenbestandes, Edition 2015. Available online: http:\/\/www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-16-963-2016","article-title":"The role of building models in the evaluation of heat-related risks","volume":"16","author":"Buchin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Lopes, A., Oliveira, A., Marias, M., and Correia, E. (2020). Identifica\u00e7\u00e3o das Ilhas de Calor Urbano e Simula\u00e7\u00e3o Para as \u00c1reas Cr\u00edticas da Cidade de Lisboa, C\u00e2mara Municipal De Lisboa. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Morais, L.F.L. (2015). Revitaliza\u00e7\u00e3o da Baixa Pombalina: Proposta de Humaniza\u00e7\u00e3o. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa]. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Miranda, F. (2011). Caracterisa\u00e7\u00e3o dos Edif\u00edcios Pombalinos. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia]. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2021, May 26). Rome Municipality Struttura, Natalit\u00e0, Mortalit\u00e0, Incremento-2019. Citt\u00e0 Metropolitana di Roma Capitale-Dipartimento Programmazione e Attuazione Urbanistica. Available online: https:\/\/www.comune.roma.it\/web-resources\/cms\/documents\/01_Municipio_pop_2019.pdf."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2018.11.011","article-title":"Regulating ecosystem services and green infrastructure: Assessment of urban heat island effect mitigation in the municipality of Rome, Italy","volume":"392","author":"Marando","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Modell."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2021, May 26). Rome Municipality PRG Adottato\u2014G2 Guida per la Qualit\u00e0 Degli Interventi. Citt\u00e0 Metropolitana di Roma Capitale-Dipartimento Programmazione e Attuazione Urbanistica. Available online: http:\/\/www.urbanistica.comune.roma.it\/prg-adottato\/prg-adottato-elaborati-gestionali\/prg-adottato-g2.html."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-019-02953-2","article-title":"Investigating urban heat island intensity in Istanbul","volume":"139","author":"Incecik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"TKGM (2021, March 11). General Directorate of Land Registry and Cadastre of Turkey Parcel Details (Tapu ve Kadastro Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Parsel Sorgulama), Available online: https:\/\/parselsorgu.tkgm.gov.tr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.2979\/ISR.2009.14.3.94","article-title":"The 1925 master plan for Tel-aviv by patrick geddes","volume":"14","author":"Welter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Isr. Stud."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.859","article-title":"Two decades of urban climate research: A review of turbulence, exchanges of energy and water, and the urban heat island","volume":"23","author":"Arnfield","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.2141","article-title":"A systematic review and scientific critique of methodology in modern urban heat island literature","volume":"31","author":"Stewart","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143876","article-title":"The role of green roofs in urban Water-Energy-Food-Ecosystem nexus: A review","volume":"756","author":"Cristiano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2011.01.016","article-title":"Urban and rural mortality rates during heat waves in Berlin and Brandenburg, Germany","volume":"159","author":"Gabriel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"072022","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/471\/7\/072022","article-title":"From the horizontal garden to the vertical garden: An architectural and environmental perspective of the \u201cGreen\u201d element","volume":"471","author":"Martins","year":"2019","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.07.055","article-title":"Vertical Greenery Systems (VGS) for energy saving in buildings: A review","volume":"39","author":"Coma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2016.12.006","article-title":"Passive and active cooling for the outdoor built environment\u2013Analysis and assessment of the cooling potential of mitigation tecnologies using performance data from 220 large scale projects","volume":"154","author":"Santamouris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"(2021, May 26). Water as a Key Resource in Sustainable Development. Available online: http:\/\/www.un-documents.net\/harare-1.htm."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radi\u0107, M., Dodig, M.B., and Auer, T. (2019). Green facades and living walls-A review establishing the classification of construction types and mapping the benefits. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11174579"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2011.05.068","article-title":"The living walls as an approach for a healthy urban environment","volume":"6","author":"Sheweka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2018.05.060","article-title":"Experimental assessment of the thermal behavior of a living wall system in semi-arid environments of central Mexico","volume":"174","author":"Olivieri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quinn, R., Melville-Shreeve, P., Butler, D., and Stovin, V. (2020). A Critical evaluation of the water supply and stormwater management performance of retrofittable domestic rainwater harvesting systems. Water, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/w12041184"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.2166\/ws.2018.193","article-title":"Evaluation of rainwater harvesting performance for water supply in cities with cold and semi-arid climate","volume":"19","author":"Molaei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Supply"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2005.0251","article-title":"Environmental impact and health risks associated with greywater irrigation: A case study","volume":"52","author":"Gross","year":"2005","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2013.675","article-title":"A review of greywater characteristics and treatment processes","volume":"67","author":"Boyjoo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-018-3909-8","article-title":"Greywater characteristics, treatment systems, reuse strategies and user perception\u2014A review","volume":"229","author":"Acheampong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19200","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-8710-5","article-title":"Financial feasibility of end-user designed rainwater harvesting and greywater reuse systems for high water use households","volume":"25","author":"Dominguez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2007.578","article-title":"EU demonstration project for separate discharge and treatment of urine, faeces and greywater-Part II: Cost comparison of different sanitation systems","volume":"56","author":"Oldenburg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2011.09.010","article-title":"Comparative life cycle analysis for green fa\u00e7ades and living wall systems","volume":"43","author":"Perini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s11367-019-01700-z","article-title":"Comparative cradle to grave environmental life cycle assessment of traditional and extensive vegetative roofs: An application for the Lebanese context","volume":"25","author":"Koura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Life Cycle Assess."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1039\/C5EW00026B","article-title":"The consumptive water footprint of electricity and heat: A global assessment","volume":"1","author":"Mekonnen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Water Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"WWAP (United Nations World Water Assessment Programme) (2014). The United Nations World Water Development Report 2014: Water and Energy, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"NYSERDA (2021, May 26). Statewide Assessment of Energy Use by the Municipal Water and Wastewater Sector, Available online: https:\/\/www.nyserda.ny.gov\/-\/media\/Files\/Publications\/Research\/Environmental\/Statewide-Assessment-Energy-Use.pdf."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1139\/er-2018-0106","article-title":"Water\u2013energy nexus for water distribution systems: A literature review","volume":"27","author":"Sharif","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lazarova, V., Choo, K.-H., and Cornel, P. (2012). Water reuse versus seawater desalination\u2013evaluation of the economic and environmental viability. Water-Energy Interactions in Water Reuse, IWA.","DOI":"10.2166\/9781780400662"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.2166\/wrd.2014.159","article-title":"Water reuse and reclamation: A contribution to energy efficiency in the water cycle","volume":"5","author":"Schaum","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Water Reuse Desalin."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"ISTAT (Italian National Institute of Statistics) (2021, May 26). ISTAT Water Statistics|Years 2015\u20132018. Available online: https:\/\/www.istat.it\/it\/files\/2019\/03\/Water-report.pdf."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Magagna, D., Hidalgo Gonz\u00e1lez, I., Bidoglio, G., Peteves, S., Adamovic, M., Bisselink, B., De Felice, M., De Roo, A., Dorati, C., and Ganora, D. (2019). Water\u2014Energy Nexus in Europe, Publications Office of the European Union."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"DNAVA (Danish Water and Wasterwater Association) (2021, May 26). Water in Figures-2019 DANVA Statistics & Benchmarking. Available online: https:\/\/www.danva.dk\/media\/6355\/2019_water-in-figures_web.pdf."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tal, A. (2018). Addressing desalination\u2019s carbon footprint: The israeli experience. Water, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/w10020197"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naddeo, V., Balakrishnan, M., and Choo, K.A.H. (2019). Energy Balance in the Water Cycle in Italy: State of the Art and Perspectives. Frontiers in Water-Energy-Nexus\u2014Nature-Based Solutions, Advanced Technologies and Best Practices for Environmental Sustainability, Springer. Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation (IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-13068-8"},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"BDEW (2021, May 26). (German Association of Energy and Water Industries) Kennzahlenvergleich Wasserversorgung und Abwasserbeseitigung Brandenburg. Available online: https:\/\/www.bdew.de\/media\/documents\/190430_Brandenburg-Benchmarking-Bericht-Betrachtungsjahr-2017.pdf."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"ERSAR (2020). Relat\u00f3rio Anual dos Servi\u00e7os de \u00c1guas e Res\u00edduos em Portugal-2020 Entidade Reguladora dos Servi\u00e7os de \u00c1guas e Res\u00edduos, ERSAR. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"ERSAR (2021, May 26). Guia T\u00e9cnico 24-Uso Eficiente de Energia nos Servi\u00e7os de \u00c1gua (Technical Guide 24-Efficient Use of Energy in Water Services). Available online: http:\/\/www.ersar.pt\/pt\/publicacoes\/publicacoes-tecnicas\/guias."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"ISIK (2021, May 26). Su Ve Kanalizasyon Idaresi (Water and Sewage Administration Turkey) Faaliyet Raporu (Activity Report (2019)), Available online: https:\/\/www.iski.gov.tr\/web\/assets\/SayfalarDocs\/faaliyetraporlari\/faaliyetraporu\/pdf\/2019-FAAL\u0130YET-RAPORU.pdf."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2019.11.007","article-title":"Application of domestic greywater for irrigating agricultural products: A brief study","volume":"6","author":"Gorgich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eregno, F.E., Moges, M.E., and Heistad, A. (2017). Treated greywater reuse for hydroponic lettuce production in a Green Wall system: Quantitative health risk assessment. Water, 9.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201705.0068.v1"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.12.148","article-title":"How scale and technology influence the energy intensity of water recycling systems-An analytical review","volume":"215","author":"Paul","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2017.11.086","article-title":"The role of constructed wetlands in a new circular economy, resource oriented, and ecosystem services paradigm","volume":"216","author":"Masi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2017.02.045","article-title":"Green walls for greywater reuse: Understanding the role of media on pollutant removal","volume":"102","author":"Prodanovic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"1","article-title":"An experimental study of greywater irrigated green roof systems in an arid climate","volume":"2018","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Water Manag. Model."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.2166\/washdev.2016.019","article-title":"Green walls for greywater treatment and recycling in dense urban areas: A case-study in Pune","volume":"6","author":"Masi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Water, Sanit. Hyg. Dev."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2019.07.003","article-title":"Long term decentralized greywater treatment for water reuse purposes in a tourist facility by vertical ecosystem","volume":"138","author":"Zraunig","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.2495\/SDP-V11-N3-263-274","article-title":"Novel vertical ecosystem for sustainable water treatment and reuse in tourist resorts","volume":"11","author":"Gattringer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Dev. Plan."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s35152-020-0241-6","article-title":"Entwicklung eines multifunktionalen Living-Wall-Systems zur Reinigung und Nutzung von Grauwasser","volume":"22","author":"Pucher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wasser Abfall."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"WHO (2006). Safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater guidelines. Wastewater use in agriculture. World Health, 2, 204."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"FAO (2021, May 26). Aquastat Core Database. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available online: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/aquastat\/en\/databases\/maindatabase."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"ENVE (2021, May 26). (Commission fo Environment Climate change and Energy) Mariya Gancheva, Alicia McNeill, Melanie Muro. In Water Reuse\u2013Legislative Framework in EU Regions. Available online: https:\/\/op.europa.eu\/en\/publication-detail\/-\/publication\/c573861f-e712-11e8-b690-01aa75ed71a1\/language-en."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Monisteriale, D. (2021, May 26). Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana-23 Luglio 2003, n. 169, Available online: http:\/\/extranet.regione.piemonte.it\/ambiente\/bga\/archivio_documenti\/2003_sem_02_30\/30_atti_stato\/dm_185_12_06_2003.pdf."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"(2021, May 26). Decreto-Lei n.\u00ba 119\/2019. Estabelece o Regime jur\u00eddico de Produ\u00e7\u00e3o de \u00e1gua para Reutiliza\u00e7\u00e3o, Obtida a Partir do Tratamento de \u00e1guas Residuais, bem como da sua Utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o. Published: Di\u00e1rio da Rep\u00fablica n.\u00ba 159\/2019, S\u00e9rie I de 2019-08-21. Available online: https:\/\/data.dre.pt\/eli\/dec-lei\/119\/2019\/08\/21\/p\/dre."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"(2021, May 26). EC Council Directive 91\/271\/EEC of 21 May 1991 Concerning Urban Waste-Water Treatment. Available online: http:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/LexUriServ\/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31991L0271:EN:HTML."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"(2021, May 26). EC Directive 2000\/60\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 Establishing a Framework for Community Action in the Field of Water Policy. Annex VI, part B. Available online: http:\/\/data.europa.eu\/eli\/dir\/2000\/60\/oj."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"(2021, May 26). EU Regulation (EU) 2020\/741 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 May 2020 on Minimum Requirements for Water Reuse. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:32020R0741&from=EN."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.125604","article-title":"Policy and legislative barriers to close water-related loops in innovative small water and wastewater systems in Europe: A critical analysis","volume":"288","author":"Cipolletta","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"(2021, May 26). Umweltbundesamt Untersuchung der Potentiale F\u00fcr die Nutzung von Regenwasser zur Verdunstungsk\u00fchlung in St\u00e4dten\u2013Abschlussbericht. (In Germany)."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"BWG (2008). Berliner Wassergesetz. der Fassung vom 17. Juni 2005. Zuletzt Ge\u00e4ndert Durch Gesetz vom 6. Juni 2008. \u00a7 36a: Niederschlagswasserbewirtschaftung, (In Germany)."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"DWA (2007). Merkblatt DWA-M 153. Handlungsempfehlungen zum umgang mit regenwasser. Deutsche Vereinigung f\u00fcr Wasserwirtschaft, Abwasser und Abfall e.V. Hennef."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"DAW (2017). Merkblatt DWA-M 277. Hinweise zur auslegung von anlagen zur behandlung und nutzung von grauwasser und grauwasserteilstr\u00f6men. Deutsche Vereinigung f\u00fcr Wasserwirtschaft, Abwasser und Abfall e.V. Hennef."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"Urbangreenup (2018). NBS Catalogue, URBAN GreenUP Consortium Partners."},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"Unalab (2021, May 26). Nature Based Solutions\u2013Technical Handbook (Part. II); Publisher: Unalab. Available online: https:\/\/unalab.eu\/system\/files\/2020-02\/unalab-technical-handbook-nature-based-solutions2020-02-17.pdf."},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"Nature4cities (2021, May 26). NBS Multi-Scalar and Multi-Thematic Typology and Associated Database, Available online: https:\/\/docs.wixstatic.com\/ugd\/55d29d_8813db2df690497e80740537b6a8a844.pdf."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2495\/DNE-V9-N1-31-46","article-title":"Designing green fa\u00e7ades and living wall systems for sustainable constructions","volume":"9","author":"Perini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Des. Nat. Ecodynamics"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.07.163","article-title":"Performance of green roofs with respect to water quality and reduction of energy consumption in tropics: A review","volume":"52","author":"Hashemi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Po\u00f3rov\u00e1, Z., and Vranayov\u00e1, Z. (2019). Green Roofs and Water Retention in Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-24039-4"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.12.119","article-title":"Green roofs: A critical review on the role of components, benefits, limitations and trends","volume":"57","author":"Vijayaraghavan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.08.019","article-title":"How \u201cgreen\u201d are the green roofs? Lifecycle analysis of green roof materials","volume":"48","author":"Bianchini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-6593.2009.00174.x","article-title":"The potential of green roofs to manage Urban Stormwater","volume":"24","author":"Stovin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Environ. J."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2015.02.002","article-title":"Parameters influencing the regeneration of a green roof\u2019s retention capacity via evapotranspiration","volume":"523","author":"Stovin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2005.02.010","article-title":"Green roofs as a tool for solving the rainwater runoff problem in the urbanized 21st century?","volume":"77","author":"Mentens","year":"2006","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban. Plan."},{"key":"ref_107","unstructured":"Somarakis, G., Stagakis, S., and Chrysoulakis, N. (2021, May 26). ThinkNature Nature Based Solutions Handbook. Available online: https:\/\/oppla.eu\/product\/19999."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3763\/aber.2009.0311","article-title":"Green roofs in buildings: Thermal and environmental behaviour","volume":"3","author":"Theodosiou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Build. Energy Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2013.10.047","article-title":"State-of-the-art analysis of the environmental benefits of green roofs","volume":"115","author":"Berardi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Energy."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s43615-021-00033-0","article-title":"Green roofs towards circular and resilient cities","volume":"1","author":"Calheiros","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ. Econ. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_111","unstructured":"ANCV (2019). Coberturas Verdes: Guia T\u00e9cnico para projeto, constru\u00e7\u00e3o e manuten\u00e7\u00e3o. ANCV-Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Nacional de Coberturas Verdes, ANCV."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2020.105898","article-title":"Novel application and reused materials for extensive green roof substrates and drainage layers in Japan\u2013Plant growth and moisture uptake implementation","volume":"153","author":"Nagase","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s12273-018-0488-y","article-title":"Thermal performance assessment of extensive green roofs investigating realistic vegetation-substrate configurations","volume":"12","author":"Cascone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Build. Simul."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.119471","article-title":"An overview of life cycle assessment of green roofs","volume":"250","author":"Shafique","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.109743","article-title":"An environmental life cycle assessment of living wall systems","volume":"254","author":"Olivieri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2012.12.083","article-title":"Performance evaluation and development strategies for green roofs in Taiwan: A review","volume":"52","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11252-014-0378-8","article-title":"Living wall systems: Evaluating life-cycle energy, water and carbon impacts","volume":"18","author":"Natarajan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urban. Ecosyst."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2020.107461","article-title":"Innovative module of expanded cork agglomerate for green vertical systems","volume":"188","author":"Tadeu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2014.11.070","article-title":"Life cycle assessment of layers of green roofs","volume":"90","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.9734\/BJECC\/2017\/30796","article-title":"Life cycle analysis of green roof implemented in a global south low-income country","volume":"7","author":"Morau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Environ. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.07.170","article-title":"Cradle-to-gate Life Cycle Assessment of traditional gravel ballasted, white reflective, and vegetative roofs: A Lebanese case study","volume":"137","author":"Manneh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.01.198","article-title":"Life cycle analysis of a new modular greening system","volume":"627","author":"Manso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.04.237","article-title":"Modeling the substitution of natural materials with industrial byproducts in green roofs using life cycle assessments","volume":"227","author":"Pushkar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2014.01.001","article-title":"Environmental performance of recycled rubber as drainage layer in extensive green roofs. A comparative life cycle assessment","volume":"74","author":"Coma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1080\/14786451.2019.1605992","article-title":"Carbon footprint of green roof installation on school buildings in Greek Mediterranean climatic region","volume":"38","author":"Kotsiris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Energy"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2019.09.015","article-title":"Environmental impact assessment of green roofs using life cycle assessment","volume":"6","author":"Rasul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2015.06.033","article-title":"Energy saving potential and life cycle environmental impacts of a vertical greenery system in Hong Kong: A case study","volume":"96","author":"Pan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pirouz, B., Palermo, S.A., Maiolo, M., Arcuri, N., and Piro, P. (2020). Decreasing water footprint of electricity and heat by extensive green roofs: Case of southern Italy. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su122310178"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.03.188","article-title":"Life-cycle study on semi intensive green roofs","volume":"154","author":"Vacek","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_130","unstructured":"(2021, May 26). BauKarussell No Title. Available online: https:\/\/www.baukarussell.at\/."},{"key":"ref_131","unstructured":"Hillebrandt, A., Riegler-Floors, P., Rosen, A., and Seggewies, J.-K. (2019). Eco-Efficient Construction Using Local Resources. Manual of Recycling, Buildings as Sources of Materials, Business Information GmbH."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2020.105966","article-title":"Assessment of recycled or locally available materials as green roof substrates","volume":"156","author":"Eksi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2016.05.044","article-title":"The suitability of crushed porcelain and foamed glass as alternatives to heat-expanded shale in green roof substrates: An assessment of plant growth, substrate moisture, and thermal regulation","volume":"94","author":"Matlock","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1007\/s11252-017-0687-9","article-title":"Substrate influence on aromatic plant growth in extensive green roofs in a Mediterranean climate","volume":"20","author":"Monteiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Urban. Ecosyst."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.073","article-title":"Drainage and water storage capacity of insulation cork board applied as a layer on green roofs","volume":"209","author":"Tadeu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.030","article-title":"Water retention and drainage capability of expanded cork agglomerate boards intended for application in green vertical systems","volume":"224","author":"Almeida","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1007\/s11368-020-02762-5","article-title":"Water dynamics at the urban soil-atmosphere interface\u2014Rainwater storage in paved surfaces and its dependence on rain event characteristics","volume":"21","author":"Nehls","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Soils Sediments"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2008.08.001","article-title":"A laboratory-scale graywater treatment system based on a membrane filtration and oxidation process-characteristics of graywater from a residential complex","volume":"238","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1641\/B571005","article-title":"Green roofs as urban ecosystems: Ecological structures, functions, and services","volume":"57","author":"Oberndorfer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2012.07.003","article-title":"Public versus private incentives to invest in green roofs: A cost benefit analysis for Flanders","volume":"11","author":"Claus","year":"2012","journal-title":"Urban. For. Urban. Green."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2015.05.006","article-title":"Economic evaluation of green-roof environmental benefits in the context of climate change: The case of Hong Kong","volume":"14","author":"Peng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urban. For. Urban. Green."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2020.110111","article-title":"Green roof and green wall benefits and costs: A review of the quantitative evidence","volume":"135","author":"Manso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_143","unstructured":"FLL (2018). Fassadenbegr\u00fcnungsrichtlinien: Richtlinien F\u00fcr Die Planung, Ausf\u00fchrung und Pflege von Wand- und Fassadenbegr\u00fcnungen, FLL."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biy151","article-title":"Comparing ecosystem service preferences between urban and rural dwellers","volume":"69","author":"Lapointe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2014.02.007","article-title":"Multiple ecosystem services and disservices of the urban forest establishing their connections with landscape structure and sociodemographics","volume":"43","author":"Dobbs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2009.09.003","article-title":"Hopping on one leg\u2013The challenge of ecosystem disservices for urban green management","volume":"8","year":"2009","journal-title":"Urban. For. Urban. Green."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2019.101031","article-title":"Risk assessment concerning urban ecosystem disservices: The example of street trees in Berlin, Germany","volume":"40","author":"Haase","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ascione, F., De Masi, R.F., Mastellone, M., Ruggiero, S., and Vanoli, G.P. (2020). Green walls, a critical review: Knowledge gaps, design parameters, thermal performances and multi-criteria design approaches. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13092296"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2008.09.020","article-title":"Runoff water quality from intensive and extensive vegetated roofs","volume":"35","author":"Berndtsson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s13593-017-0474-2","article-title":"Rooftop farming on urban waste provides many ecosystem services","volume":"38","author":"Grard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agron. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pardela, \u0141., Kowalczyk, T., Bogacz, A., and Kasowska, D. (2020). Sustainable green roof ecosystems: 100 years of functioning on fortifications-A case study. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12114721"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2018.07.044","article-title":"Impacts of green infrastructures on aerodynamic flow and air quality in Porto\u2019s urban area","volume":"190","author":"Rafael","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1890\/1540-9295(2003)001[0240:HHEOAC]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Human health effects of a changing global nitrogen cycle","volume":"1","author":"Townsend","year":"2003","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2009.02.007","article-title":"Toxicological hazards of natural environments: Clinical reports from poison Control Centre of Milan","volume":"8","author":"Moro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Urban. For. Urban. Green."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2016.11.028","article-title":"Urban-microclimate effect on vector mosquito abundance of tropical green roofs","volume":"112","author":"Wong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.3923\/javaa.2010.2041.2052","article-title":"Green roofs as a habitat for birds: A review","volume":"9","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Anim. Vet. Adv."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.13571","article-title":"Ecological impacts of human-induced animal behaviour change","volume":"23","author":"Wilson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/aru183","article-title":"Behavioral responses to changing environments","volume":"26","author":"Wong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20190104","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2019.0104","article-title":"Climate change and ecosystems: Threats, opportunities and solutions","volume":"375","author":"Malhi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rocha, B., Pa\u00e7o, T.A., Luz, A.C., Palha, P., Milliken, S., Kotzen, B., Branquinho, C., Pinho, P., and de Carvalho, R.C. (2021). Are biocrusts and xerophytic vegetation a viable green roof typology in a Mediterranean climate? A comparison between differently vegetated green roofs in water runoff and water quality. Water, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/w13010094"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2020.104693","article-title":"Green infrastructure and public policies: An international review of green roofs and green walls incentives","volume":"96","author":"Liberalesso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2021.126992","article-title":"Towards green roof implementation: Drivers, motivations, barriers and recommendations","volume":"58","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Urban. For. Urban. Green."}],"container-title":["Water"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/13\/16\/2165\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:41:58Z","timestamp":1760164918000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/13\/16\/2165"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]]},"references-count":162,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["w13162165"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/w13162165","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4441"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4441","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]]}}}