{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T10:29:08Z","timestamp":1774952948982,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,5]],"date-time":"2021-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00195\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00195\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/109901\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/109901\/2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study focuses on preventing scale formation in hard waters by controlled electrode-position of Ca2+ and Mg2+ on a stainless-steel cathode at constant applied current intensity. The influence of the anode material, BDD or Ti\/Pt\/PbO2, cathode active area, stirring speed, and applied anodic current intensity on the inorganic carbon (IC), Ca2+, and Mg2+ removal was investigated. Assays were performed with model hard water solutions, simulating Bounouara (Algeria) water. The scaling inhibiting properties of the treated water were followed by measuring IC, calcium, and magnesium concentrations and chronoamperometric characterization of the treated solutions. The influence of the Ca\/Mg molar ratio on the inorganic carbon removal by electrolysis was also evaluated, utilizing model solutions with different compositions. It was found that an increase in stirring speed or cathode geometric area favors IC and Ca2+ and Mg2+ removal rates. The applied current intensity was varied from 0.025 to 0.5 A, and the best results were obtained for 0.1 A, either in IC and Ca2+ and Mg2+ removals or by the accelerated scaling tests. However, energy costs increase with applied current. The deposit formed over the cathode does not seem to influence posterior deposition rate, and after eight consecutive assays, the solid deposition rate was kept constant. Ca\/Mg ratio influences IC removal rate that increases with it. The results showed that hard-water scaling phenomena can be prevented by solid electrodeposition on the cathode at applied constant current.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w13192752","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T01:59:47Z","timestamp":1633917587000},"page":"2752","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Electrodeposition of Calcium Carbonate and Magnesium Carbonate from Hard Water on Stainless-Steel Electrode to Prevent Natural Scaling Phenomenon"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Fal\u00e9stine","family":"Souiad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Recherche CHEMS, D\u00e9partement de Chimie, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences Exactes, Universit\u00e9 Constantine 1, Constantine 25000, Algeria"},{"name":"FibEnTech-UBI, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Yasmina","family":"Bendaoud-Boulahlib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Recherche CHEMS, D\u00e9partement de Chimie, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences Exactes, Universit\u00e9 Constantine 1, Constantine 25000, Algeria"}]},{"given":"Ana Sofia","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FibEnTech-UBI, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9007-5342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annabel","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FibEnTech-UBI, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0020-1243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lurdes","family":"Cir\u00edaco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FibEnTech-UBI, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria Jos\u00e9","family":"Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FibEnTech-UBI, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4545-5784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FibEnTech-UBI, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"323","article-title":"D\u00e9termination du caract\u00e8re incrustant d\u2019une eau par un essai d\u2019entartrage acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9","volume":"7","author":"Leroy","year":"1985","journal-title":"TSM-L\u2019eau"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0728(96)01002-9","article-title":"Estimation of the deposition rate of thermal calcareous scaling by the electrochemical impedance technique","volume":"412","author":"Gabrielli","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. 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