{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T16:17:42Z","timestamp":1771863462776,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]],"date-time":"2022-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The chemical characterization of the Ghis-Nekor groundwater has become a concern of many researchers in Morocco. It is a crucial indicator for the environment situation and the socioeconomic development of this Moroccan region. Indeed, it helps decisionmakers carry out conscious and sustainable management. For this reason, 20 samples of the Ghis-Nekor aquifer were examined in terms of physicochemical parameters such as pH, temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), and total alkalinity (Alk), major cations\u2013anions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3\u2212, Cl\u2212, SO42\u2212, NO3\u2212, and TDS), isotopic elements (\u03b418O, \u03b42H, and \u03b413C), and concentrations of Br and Sr anions in 2020. Furthermore, spatial data analysis with a geographic information system (GIS) using the ArcGis software (Redlands, California, USA). Indeed, static maps show significant water quality information that helps characterize the groundwater of the study area. The spatial analysis by the GIS indicates that except the EC (from 2630 to 6950 mS\/cm), all the physical parameters showed standard concentration values in most of the samples. A significant concentration above the Moroccan norm of groundwater quality for sodium (Na+) from 264.3 to 1500 mg\/L, chlorides (Cl\u2212) concentrations from 408.3 to 1510 mg\/L, SO42\u2212 from 313.1 to 999.2 mg\/L, and bicarbonate (HCO3\u2212) from 283.7 to 679.8 mg\/L was observed, while all the points exceeded the recommended standards norm for SO42\u2212. Most of the points met the potability standards for potassium (K+). In terms of the isotopic elements, the concentration values of \u03b418O were from \u22123.92\u2030 to \u20135.60\u2030, while the \u03b42H concentration values varied between \u221228.67\u2030 and \u221239.99\u2030. The analysis revealed values of carbon isotope \u03b413C ranging between \u22123.15\u2030 and \u22128.61\u2030, thus suggesting that the origin of the carbon is mineral, mainly deriving from calcite dissolution. The analysis of the bromide and strontium contents made it possible to discriminate the origin of the salinity anomalies. The Cl\/Br, Br\/Cl, and Sr\/Ca molar ratios distinguished the areas of influence of geological setting (saliferous facies outcrops) or anthropogenic effect (wastewater). The results of the analysis shed light on factors of contamination, which are as follows: urban zones (Imzourene, Ait Youssef, and Souani) and agricultural activities. Therefore, the use of these waters could pose a risk to the health of humans and animals. Similarly, the GIS is a practical and effective tool for the Ghis-Nekor groundwater quality diagnostics and could help decisionmakers establish solutions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w14040606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]],"date-time":"2022-02-16T20:28:59Z","timestamp":1645043339000},"page":"606","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Determination of Physicochemical Water Quality of the Ghis-Nekor Aquifer (Al Hoceima, Morocco) Using Hydrochemistry, Multiple Isotopic Tracers, and the Geographical Information System (GIS)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Nordine","family":"Nouayti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Sciences Laboratory, Water and Environment Management Team, National School of Applied Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Al Hoceima 32002, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8583-632X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El Khalil","family":"Cherif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Systems and Robotics, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), DGAOT, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2410-8430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Algarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAMAT2-Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics, Department of Science, Public University of Navarre, Campus de Arrosa-dia, 31006 Pamplona, Spain"}]},{"given":"M\u1d43 Luisa","family":"Pola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Service to Support Research Building (SCAI), University of M\u00e1laga, 29071 Malaga, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6939-0014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Service to Support Research Building (SCAI), University of M\u00e1laga, 29071 Malaga, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3460-3550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abderrahim","family":"Nouayti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geophysics and Natural Hazards Laboratory, Geophysics, Natural Patrimony and Green Chemistry Research Center \u201cGEOPAC\u201d, Mohammed-V University, Rabat 10000, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8478-3441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim C. G.","family":"Esteves da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), DGAOT, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4756-8336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khattach","family":"Driss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Geosciences Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed Premier, Oujda 60000, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Nouha","family":"Samlani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hydro Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany"}]},{"given":"Hilali","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Geology Laboratory, Faculty of Science Meknes, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes 50003, Morocco"}]},{"given":"El Mustapha","family":"Azzirgue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Chemistry, Unit (LPMSE), University of Abdelmalek Essaadi, Tangier 90000, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3118-2236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota Anna","family":"Krawczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0152-620X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Rodero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering Sciences of Belmez, University of Cordoba, 14071 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"07006","DOI":"10.1051\/e3sconf\/202131407006","article-title":"Determination of the Jouamaa Groundwater Quality Using Physico-Chemical Water Analysis and Geographic Information System","volume":"314","author":"Azzirgue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proceedings of the E3S Web of Conferences"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Salhi, A. 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