{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T23:54:54Z","timestamp":1764201294059,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,26]],"date-time":"2022-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It has become evident that, during this century, climate change will continue, affecting all regions of the planet. The expected impacts over the next few decades may differ from region to region, with some areas becoming humid and others drier. In regions such as the Mediterranean basin, the main expected impacts of climate change will be prolonged droughts and an increase in the intensity and frequency of heavy rains. Measures of mitigation and adaptation are particularly important in urban environments, where more than half of the population lives, and rainwater harvesting systems (RWHS) are considered to be a very suitable solution to these problems. However, the published studies have mainly focussed on buildings, with very limited references to the interest of its application in large urban infrastructure. Based on consumption and precipitation data, this article presents a study on the implementation of an RWHS in a large-scale sports infrastructure located in the city of Cascais (Portugal) intended for the practice of tennis, with 12 brick dust fields, some of them covered. The average annual consumption of potable water for watering the tennis courts is 5500 m3, and the results show that the RWHS can reduce this consumption by &gt;50%, in addition to other expected benefits, such as the known effect of these systems in reducing flood peaks in the area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w14050752","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,27]],"date-time":"2022-02-27T20:49:03Z","timestamp":1645994943000},"page":"752","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Rainwater Harvesting for Irrigation of Tennis Courts: A Case Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2488-3202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Pimentel-Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ANQIP\u2014National Association for Quality in Buildings Services, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"ISCIA\u2014Higher Institute of Information and Administration, 3810-488 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1896-0128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armando","family":"Silva-Afonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ANQIP\u2014National Association for Quality in Buildings Services, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"RISCO\u2014Research Center for Risks and Sustainability in Construction, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"United Nations (2014). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision (Highlights), United Nations\u2014Department of Economic and Social Affairs."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Chalmers, P. (2014). Climate Change. Implications for Buildings. Key Findings from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Fifth Assessment Report, BPIE. European Climate Foundation, Building Performance Institute Europe, Global Buildings Performance Network, World Business Council for Sustainable Development, University of Cambridge\u2019s Judge Business School, Institute for Sustainability Leadership."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Wilk, J., and Wittgren, H. (2009). Adapting Water Management to Climate Change, SIWI. Swedish Water House Policy Brief 2009, Nr. 7."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2006.01.002","article-title":"Climate change and human health: Impacts, vulnerability and public health","volume":"120","author":"Haines","year":"2006","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3354\/cr00953","article-title":"Changes in precipitation with climate change","volume":"47","author":"Trenberth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clim. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"AWWA (2006). Climate Change and Water Resources: A Primer for Municipal Water Providers, IWA Publishing. AWWA Research Foundation, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, American Water Works Association; 1P-5C-91120-05\/06-NH."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006355210516","article-title":"Climate change impacts and human settlements in Africa: Prospects for adaptation","volume":"61","author":"Magadza","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2009). Summary and Policy Implications Vision 2013: The Resilience of Water Supply and Sanitation in the Face of Climate Change, WHO\u2014Department for International Development."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2007.09.005","article-title":"Climate change projections for the Mediterranean region","volume":"63","author":"Giorgi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1023\/B:CLIM.0000018508.94901.9c","article-title":"Changes in fire and climate in the Eastern Iberian Peninsula (Mediterranean Basin)","volume":"63","author":"Pausas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"European Commission (2006). COM 718 Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on Thematic Strategy on the Urban Environment, Commission of the European Communities\u2014SEC."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2148\/benv.33.1.31","article-title":"A review of climate change impacts on the built environment","volume":"33","author":"Wilby","year":"2007","journal-title":"Built Environ. J."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2014, October 20). The Climate Change Clearinghouse: A Resource about Drinking Water, Wastewater, and Water Reuse. Changes in Precipitation. Available online: http:\/\/www.theclimatechangeclearinghouse.org\/ClimateChangeImpacts\/ChangesInPrecipitation\/Pages\/default.aspx."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"La Licata, I., Colombo, L., Francani, V., and Alberti, L. (2018). Hydrogeological study of the glacial\u2014Fluvioglacial territory of grandate (Como, Italy) and stochastical modeling of groundwater rising. Appl. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/app8091456"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Dean, J., and Sholley, M. (2006). Groundwater Basin Recovery in Urban Areas and Implications for Engineering Projects. Engineering Geology for Tomorrow\u2019s Cities, IAEG."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"United Nations (2009). Buildings and Climate Change: Summary for Decision-Makers, United Nations Environment Program."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"UNEP (2012). Technologies for Climate Change Mitigation: Building Sector, UNEP Ris\u00f8 Centre on Energy, Climate and Sustainable Development."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pimentel-Rodrigues, C., and Silva-Afonso, A. (2019). Contributions of water-related building installations to urban strategies for mitigation and adaptation to the climate change. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9173575"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2010.352","article-title":"Towards a generic rainfall-runoff model for green roofs","volume":"62","author":"Kasmin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2011.11.2086","article-title":"Integrated sustainable roof design","volume":"21","author":"Sheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Silva-Afonso, A., Pimentel-Rodrigues, C., Tadeu, A., Almeida, R., and Sim\u00f5es, N. (September, January 29). Rainwater harvesting in buildings with green roofs: Runoff coefficients. Proceedings of the Anais do CIB W062 2016\u2014Water Supply and Drainage for Buildings, Kosice, Slovakia."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2016.034","article-title":"Contributions to the design of rainwater harvesting systems in buildings with green roofs in a Mediterranean climate","volume":"73","author":"Monteiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"53","article-title":"Adaptation measure to climate change. Integration of green roofs with rainwater harvesting systems","volume":"14","year":"2018","journal-title":"WSEAS Trans. Environ. Dev."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Jack, L., and Kelly, D. (2011, January 25\u201328). The development of a methodological approach for the use of UK climate change data for the design of rainwater drainage systems for buildings. Proceedings of the International Symposium CIB W062 2011\u2014Water Supply and Drainage for Buildings, Aveiro, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Pimentel-Rodrigues, C., Silva-Afonso, A., and Lima, M. (2017, January 23\u201325). Rainwater harvesting systems in buildings with green roofs: A study on runoff coefficients. Proceedings of the Anais do CIB W062 2017\u2014Water Supply and Drainage for Buildings, Haarlem, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2004.06.017","article-title":"New estimates of future changes in extreme rainfall across the UK using regional climate model integrations. 2. Future estimates and use in impact studies","volume":"300","author":"Fowler","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102620","article-title":"Water savings and reduction of costs through the use of a dual water supply system in a sports facility","volume":"66","author":"Spychalski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2018). On-Site Non-Potable Water Systems\u2014Part 1: Systems for the Use of Rainwater (Standard No. EN 16941-1)."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Nacional para a Qualidade nas Instala\u00e7\u00f5es Prediais (2015). Technical Specification ETA 0701\u2014Rainwater Harvesting Systems in Buildings (Version 9), ANQIP. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2014.01.001","article-title":"Optimal design of rainwater collecting systems for domestic use into a residential development","volume":"84","year":"2014","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Des."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2016.08.036","article-title":"Sizing a rainwater harvesting cistern by minimizing costs","volume":"541","author":"Norman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2015.08.015","article-title":"Optimal sizing of storage tanks in domestic rainwater harvesting systems: A linear programming approach","volume":"104","author":"Chiemeka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Des."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-018-2714-z","article-title":"Estimating the reliability of a rainwater catchment system using the output data of general circulation models for the future period","volume":"137","author":"Jafarzadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.3390\/w6040945","article-title":"Reliability and cost analysis of a rainwater harvesting system in peri-urban regions of greater Sydney, Australia","volume":"6","author":"Hajani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freni, G., and Liuzzo, L. (2019). Effectiveness of rainwater harvesting systems for flood reduction in residential urban areas. Water, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/w11071389"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wse.2020.06.001","article-title":"Possibilities of urban flood reduction through distributed-scale rainwater harvesting","volume":"13","author":"Akter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.2166\/hydro.2015.133","article-title":"Rainwater harvesting as source control option to reduce roof runoff peaks to downstream drainage systems","volume":"18","author":"Campisano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hydroinformatics"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"297","article-title":"The impact of domestic rainwater harvesting systems in storm water runoff mitigation at the urban block scale","volume":"15","author":"Palla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campisano, A., Di-Liberto, D., and Modica, S. (2014, January 14\u201317). Potential for peak flow reduction by rainwater harvesting tanks. Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Water Distribution System Analysis, Bari, Italy.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2014.11.441"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.02.056","article-title":"Urban rainwater harvesting systems: Research, implementation and future perspectives","volume":"115","author":"Campisano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19271","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-0546-5","article-title":"Can smart rainwater harvesting schemes result in the improved performance of integrated urban water systems?","volume":"25","author":"Behzadian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32304","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-06529-5","article-title":"Feasibility of rainwater harvesting for sustainable water management in urban areas of Egypt","volume":"27","author":"Gado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."}],"container-title":["Water"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/14\/5\/752\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:28:21Z","timestamp":1760135301000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/14\/5\/752"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,26]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["w14050752"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/w14050752","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4441"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-4441"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,26]]}}}