{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T12:28:26Z","timestamp":1770899306287,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]],"date-time":"2022-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["PTDC\/ECI-EGC\/30877\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/ECI-EGC\/30877\/2017"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["PTDC\/ECI-EGC\/30877\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/ECI-EGC\/30877\/2017"]}]},{"name":"NORTE 2020","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"NORTE 2020","award":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"NORTE 2020","award":["PTDC\/ECI-EGC\/30877\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/ECI-EGC\/30877\/2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the current context of climate change, understanding the effects of the changing conditions on estuaries is of utmost importance to protect populations and ecosystems. Given the diversity of impacts depending on the region, there is a need for local and dedicated studies to understand and mitigate the risks. Numerical models can provide forecasts of extreme floods and sea-level rise (SLR). However, they can present inaccuracies. In this work, the ensemble technique was applied to improve the numerical modeling forecasting for estuaries by considering scenarios of extreme river flow discharges (EFDs) and SLR scenarios for 2050 and 2100. The simulations were performed for two different estuarine regions in northern Portugal, and the superensemble was constructed with the results of two different numerical models. The results differed per estuary, highlighting the importance of a local approach. For the Douro estuary dynamics, the results showed that for the EFD, the effects of the SLR were not noticeable, indicating that, in this estuary, the river component was more important than the maritime component. In contrast, the Minho estuary dynamics were found to be affected by the SLR along the whole estuarine region, indicating a maritime influence and a worsening of the flood conditions for future scenarios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w14121966","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]],"date-time":"2022-06-23T01:59:47Z","timestamp":1655949587000},"page":"1966","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Hydrodynamic Model Ensembles for Climate Change Projections in Estuarine Regions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4900-135X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Iglesias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR\/CIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4501-9410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Bio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR\/CIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3514-4229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Willian","family":"Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Territory, Environment and Construction (CTAC), Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2562-6603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Avilez-Valente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR\/CIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2070-8009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Pinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Territory, Environment and Construction (CTAC), Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences, University of Minho, 4704-553 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9016-1689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Territory, Environment and Construction (CTAC), Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Territory, Environment and Construction (CTAC), Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7517-0707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00edsa","family":"Bastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR\/CIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Geosciences Environment and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0258-0171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Veloso-Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR\/CIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-earth-042711-105511","article-title":"Climate change impacts on the organic carbon cycle at the land-ocean interface","volume":"40","author":"Canuel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antunes do Carmo, J.S. (2020). Numerical Modeling Tools Applied to Estuarine and Coastal Hydrodynamics: A User Perspective. Coastal and Marine Environments\u2014Physical Processes and Numerical Modelling, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.77408"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.3390\/w4010170","article-title":"Mean Sea Level Variability and Influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation on Long-Term Trends in the German Bight","volume":"4","author":"Dangendorf","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"IPCC (2012). Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation. Summary for Policymakers, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iglesias, I., Avilez-Valente, P., Bio, A., and Bastos, L. (2019). Modelling the Main Hydrodynamic Patterns in Shallow Water Estuaries: The Minho Case Study. Water, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/w11051040"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eisma, D. (2021). Response of Estuaries to Climate Change. Climate Change: Impact on Coastal Habitation, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003069935"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1071\/MF11047","article-title":"Potential effects of climate change on Australian estuaries and fish utilising estuaries: A review","volume":"62","author":"Gillanders","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Freshw. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2015.12.016","article-title":"Impact of climate change on UK estuaries: A review of past trends and potential projections","volume":"169","author":"Robins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-12-00162.1","article-title":"Monitoring and Understanding Changes in Extremes: Extratropical Storms, Winds, and Waves","volume":"95","author":"Vose","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1080\/10962247.2017.1401017","article-title":"Changes in extreme events and the potential impacts on human health","volume":"68","author":"Bell","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolathayar, S., Mondal, A., and Chian, S.C. (2022). Flood Risk Assessment at the Douro River Estuary. Climate Change and Water Security. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-5501-2"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1007\/s10113-017-1264-8","article-title":"Observed and predicted impacts of climate change on the estuaries of south-western Australia, a Mediterranean climate region","volume":"18","author":"Hallett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reg. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsp132","article-title":"Potential effects of climate change on northwest Portuguese coastal zones","volume":"66","author":"Coelho","year":"2009","journal-title":"ICES J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2016.00140","article-title":"The importance of marine observatories and of RAIA in particular","volume":"3","author":"Bastos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2017.01.006","article-title":"Flood inundation modelling: A review of methods, recent advances and uncertainty analysis","volume":"90","author":"Teng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1007\/s12237-018-0477-5","article-title":"Two Models Solutions for the Douro Estuary: Flood Risk Assessment and Breakwater Effects","volume":"42","author":"Iglesias","year":"2019","journal-title":"Estuar. Coasts"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2014.08.015","article-title":"Estuarine response to river flow and sea-level rise under future climate change and human development","volume":"156","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2014.05.012","article-title":"Impacts of sea-level rise on estuarine circulation: An idealized estuary and San Francisco Bay","volume":"139","author":"Chua","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mar. Syst."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2017.03.001","article-title":"An evaluation of climate change effects in estuarine salinity patterns: Application to Ria de Aveiro shallow water system","volume":"189","author":"Vargas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, W.C., and Chan, W.T. (2016). Assessment of climate change impacts on water quality in a tidal estuarine system using a three-dimensional model. Water, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/w8020060"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Melo, W.W., Pinho, J., Iglesias, I., Bio, A., Avilez-Valente, P., Vieira, J., Bastos, L., and Veloso-Gomes, F. (2020). Hydro- and Morphodynamic Impacts of Sea Level Rise: The Minho Estuary Case Study. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse8060441"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JC010268","article-title":"Climate change impacts on wave and surge processes in a Pacific Northwest (USA) estuary","volume":"120","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"551","article-title":"Investigating climate change impacts and adaptation strategies in German estuaries","volume":"81","author":"Seiffert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Kuste"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2013.12.011","article-title":"Sea level rise in the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel and impacts of a Severn Barrage","volume":"66","author":"Ahmadian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Oakville, O.N., and Waretown, N.J. (2017). A Multi-Model Ensemble Approach for Stream Flow Simulation. Modelling Methods and Practices in Soil and Water Engineering, Apple Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7067","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-11-00457.1","article-title":"Development of New Ensemble Methods Based on the Performance Skills of Regional Climate Models over South Korea","volume":"25","author":"Suh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advwatres.2008.05.006","article-title":"Assessing the impact of land use change on hydrology by ensemble modelling (LUCHEM) II: Ensemble combinations and predictions","volume":"32","author":"Viney","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Water Resour."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2022.812255","article-title":"Improving Estuarine Hydrodynamic Forecasts Through Numerical Model Ensembles","volume":"9","author":"Iglesias","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2007.2076","article-title":"The use of the multi-model ensemble in probabilistic climate projections","volume":"365","author":"Tebaldi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"98","article-title":"Simple ensemble methods are competitive with state-of-the-art data integration methods for gene function prediction","volume":"8","author":"Re","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2012.05.017","article-title":"Dynamics of the Douro estuary sand spit before and after breakwater construction","volume":"109","author":"Bastos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s00367-007-0091-1","article-title":"Sediment transport and morphodynamics of the Douro River estuary","volume":"28","author":"Portela","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geo-Mar. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Pinto, J., and Silva, A.J. (2007). Tide Propagation in the Douro River Estuary (Portugal). 43rd Estuarine & Coastal Sciences Association\u2014International Symposium, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2021.119972","article-title":"Estuarine hydrodynamic patterns and hydrokinetic energy production: The Douro estuary case study","volume":"222","author":"Iglesias","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3390\/coasts1010003","article-title":"Hydrodynamic and Sediment Transport Patterns in the Minho and Douro Estuaries (NW Portugal) Based on ADCP Monitoring Data: Part 1-Tidal Sediment Exchanges","volume":"1","author":"Santos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Coasts"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Ferreira, J.G., Abreu, P.F., Bettencourt, A.M., Bricker, S.B., Marques, J.C., Melo, J.J., Newton, A., Nobre, A., Patricio, J., and Rocha, F. (2005). Monitoring Plan for Portuguese Coastal Waters. Water Quality and Ecology. Development of Guidelines for the Applications of the European Union Water Framework Directive, INAG-IMAR. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/276921166_Monitoring_Plan_For_Water_Quality_and_Ecology_for_Portuguese_Transitional_and_Coastal_Waters_Development_of_guidelines_for_the_application_of_the_European_Union_Water_Framework_Directive."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1051\/limn\/2005009","article-title":"Molluscan fauna in the freshwater tidal area of the River Minho estuary, NW of Iberian Peninsula","volume":"41","author":"Sousa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Limnol. Int. J. Limnol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2014.06.004","article-title":"Modeling the Minho River plume intrusion into the Rias Baixas (NW Iberian Peninsula)","volume":"85","author":"Sousa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1057\/pb.2013.10","article-title":"Place branding and endogenous rural development. Departure points for developing an inner brand of the River Minho estuary","volume":"9","author":"Horlings","year":"2013","journal-title":"Place Brand. Public Dipl."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2015.05.022","article-title":"A framework to assess the vulnerability of estuarine systems for use in ecological risk assessment","volume":"119","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1007\/s10452-009-9237-8","article-title":"Patterns in abundance and distribution of juvenile flounder, Platichthys flesus, in Minho estuary (NW Iberian Peninsula)","volume":"43","author":"Freitas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aquat. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2010.01.003","article-title":"Application of a finite element model to the computation of tides in the Mersey Estuary and Eastern Irish Sea","volume":"30","author":"Jones","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.2112\/JCOASTRES-D-09-00168.1","article-title":"On the Effect of Earth Rotation, River Discharge, Tidal Oscillations, and Wind in the Dynamics of the Patos Lagoon Coastal Plume","volume":"27","author":"Monteiro","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/s10236-010-0268-4","article-title":"Morphological controls in sandy estuaries: The influence of tidal flats and bathymetry on sediment transport","volume":"60","author":"Robins","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ocean Dyn."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2014.12.010","article-title":"The impact of channel deepening and dredging on estuarine sediment concentration","volume":"95","author":"Cronin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1085(200009)14:13<2301::AID-HYP30>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"A 3D hydrodynamic model of river flow in a delta region","volume":"14","author":"Corti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proenv.2015.07.038","article-title":"Multi Station Calibration of 3D Flexible Mesh Model: A Case Study of the Columbia Estuary","volume":"28","author":"Putra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2015.11.006","article-title":"Hazard assessment of storm events for The Battery, New York","volume":"118","author":"Gomes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(02)00121-X","article-title":"Evaluation of 1D and 2D numerical models for predicting river flood inundation","volume":"268","author":"Horritt","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1680\/wame.2002.154.2.109","article-title":"A new joint probability appraisal of flood risk","volume":"154","author":"Samuels","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Water Marit. Eng."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2002.1001","article-title":"Predictions of extreme precipitation and sea-level rise under climate change","volume":"360","author":"Senior","year":"2002","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.794","article-title":"Dependence between extreme sea surge, river flow and precipitation in eastern Britain","volume":"22","author":"Svensson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2009.09.026","article-title":"Spatial dependence in extreme river flows and precipitation for Great Britain","volume":"378","author":"Keef","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2013.09.054","article-title":"Quantifying the dependence between extreme rainfall and storm surge in the coastal zone","volume":"505","author":"Zheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Plano de Bacia Hidrogr\u00e1fica do Rio Douro (2022, May 10). Instituto da \u00c1gua. Available online: https:\/\/www.biofund.org.mz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/1543398280-F1962._Relfinal.Pdf."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"251","article-title":"Analysis of extreme hydrologic events with Gumbel distributions: Marginal and additive cases","volume":"13","author":"Loaiciga","year":"1999","journal-title":"Stoch. Hydrol. Hydraul."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1002\/2016EF000505","article-title":"Earth\u2019s Future Extreme sea levels on the rise along Europe\u2019s coasts","volume":"5","author":"Vousdoukas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Earth\u2019s Future"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"1","article-title":"WCRP Coupled Model Intercomparison Project\u2014Phase 5-CMIP5","volume":"16","author":"Hurrell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clivar Exch."}],"container-title":["Water"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/14\/12\/1966\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:35:36Z","timestamp":1760139336000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/14\/12\/1966"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["w14121966"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/w14121966","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4441"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4441","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]]}}}