{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T22:59:49Z","timestamp":1772233189159,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]],"date-time":"2022-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"European Union through the European Regional Development Fund, included in the COMPETE 2020 (Operational Program Competitiveness and Internationalization)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04683\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04683\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"European Union through the European Regional Development Fund, included in the COMPETE 2020 (Operational Program Competitiveness and Internationalization)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04035\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04035\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"European Union through the European Regional Development Fund, included in the COMPETE 2020 (Operational Program Competitiveness and Internationalization)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIBD\/00616\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIBD\/00616\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"European Union through the European Regional Development Fund, included in the COMPETE 2020 (Operational Program Competitiveness and Internationalization)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PDR2020-101-030926"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDR2020-101-030926"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, Portugal","award":["UIDB\/04683\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04683\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, Portugal","award":["UIDB\/04035\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04035\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, Portugal","award":["UIBD\/00616\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIBD\/00616\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, Portugal","award":["PDR2020-101-030926"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDR2020-101-030926"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The evaluation of the spatial and temporal variability of soil properties can be valuable to improve crop productivity and soil health. A study of soil properties was carried out in southern Portugal, in three farm fields with irrigated annual crops (layers 0\u201320 cm and 20\u201340 cm), over three years. Factor Analysis (FA) and Discriminant Analysis (DA) were used to analyze the data. With FA, the observed variables were grouped into a smaller number of latent variables related to soil attributes. Discriminant Analysis was used to classify and identify the most dominant attributes and indicators for the time and space variability of soil parameters. The FA performed for the surface layer included factors related to texture, water and nutrient retention capacity, chemical composition, and soil fertility. In the sub-surface layer, the factor structure was similar, with four factors related to texture, chemical composition, nutrient availability, and soil fertility. The most influential factors and variables in temporal discrimination (sampling dates) in both layers were those related to chemical composition, with electric conductivity as the preponderant indicator. As for the spatial differentiation (fields), the dominant factor in the surface layer was texture, and in the sub-surface layer, nutrient availability. The most important discriminant indicators of spatial variability were fine sand proportion and available potassium, respectively, for the surface and sub-surface layers. The results obtained showed potential for the multidimensional and integrated assessment of patterns of temporal and spatial variation of soil functions from agricultural practices or soil degradation processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w14203216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T01:44:13Z","timestamp":1665711853000},"page":"3216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Insights into the Spatial and Temporal Variability of Soil Attributes in Irrigated Farm Fields and Correlations with Management Practices: A Multivariate Statistical Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9129-112X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Tomaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Beja, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Beja, Rua Pedro Soares, 7800-295 Beja, Portugal"},{"name":"GeoBioTec, Campus da Caparica, NOVA School of Science and Technology, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Beja, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Beja, Rua Pedro Soares, 7800-295 Beja, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4792-3633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Catarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Beja, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Beja, Rua Pedro Soares, 7800-295 Beja, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Clarisse","family":"Mourinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Beja, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Beja, Rua Pedro Soares, 7800-295 Beja, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"D\u00f4res","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Beja, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Beja, Rua Pedro Soares, 7800-295 Beja, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Fabi\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Operativo e de Tecnologia de Regadio, Quinta da Sa\u00fade, Apartado 354, 7800-999 Beja, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Boteta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Operativo e de Tecnologia de Regadio, Quinta da Sa\u00fade, Apartado 354, 7800-999 Beja, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6303-9549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Coutinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Patanita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Beja, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Beja, Rua Pedro Soares, 7800-295 Beja, Portugal"},{"name":"GeoBioTec, Campus da Caparica, NOVA School of Science and Technology, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9719-079X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Palma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Beja, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Beja, Rua Pedro Soares, 7800-295 Beja, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias da Terra (ICT), Universidade de \u00c9vora, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2015.08.009","article-title":"Linking Soils to Ecosystem Services\u2014A Global Review","volume":"262","author":"Adhikari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doran, J.W., Coleman, D.C., Bezdicek, D.F., and Stewart, B.A. (1994). 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