{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T02:20:25Z","timestamp":1776997225376,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]],"date-time":"2022-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04683\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04683\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04683\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04683\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to investigate the groundwater vulnerability concerning potentially toxic elements in the vicinity of the abandoned iron mine of Ouixane (Morocco). A modified DRASTIC method (DRSTI) is proposed with satisfactory results. High vulnerability zones represent 40% of the study area, while medium and low vulnerability represent, respectively, 42% and 18% of the study area. These results have been validated by groundwater geochemical analyses of potentially toxic elements carried out in the framework of previous studies in the same area. Thus, the superposition of the waste rock and tailings map with the vulnerability map showed that the latter is located in areas of high to medium vulnerability and therefore constitutes the main cause of the deterioration of the geochemical quality of groundwater. Otherwise, the vulnerability method showed that the main parameters that significantly affect the vulnerability are: the depth of water (D), net recharge (R), and the unsaturated zone (I), while the other parameters do not significantly affect the model used and do not have much influence on the results of the vulnerability assessment. The method used allowed us to locate the most vulnerable areas to potentially metallic toxic elements pollution resulting from the abandoned iron mine of Ouixane, and it constitutes a tool for decision support and for developing effective action plans to mitigate and monitor the effects of the transfer of potentially toxic elements pollution to groundwater.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w15010118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T03:14:28Z","timestamp":1672370068000},"page":"118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Groundwater Vulnerability and Potentially Toxic Elements Associated with the Iron Mining District of Ouixane (Northeast of Morocco)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1920-712X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azzeddine","family":"Khafouri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Geoheritage, Geoenvironment and Prospecting of Mines & Water, Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed Premier University, Oujda 60000, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7057-1752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El Hassan","family":"Talbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Geoheritage, Geoenvironment and Prospecting of Mines & Water, Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed Premier University, Oujda 60000, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Abdessalam","family":"Abdelouas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SUBATECH Department, UMR CNRS 6457, IMT Atlantique, University of Nantes, BP 20722, CEDEX 3, 44307 Nantes, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3561-1851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khalid","family":"Benjmel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Geosciences Applied to Engineering Development (GAIA), Faculty of Science Ain-Chock, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Maarif, Casablanca 20150, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3456-5926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel Margarida Horta Ribeiro","family":"Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earth Sciences, Pole of University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6331-1442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Abioui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir 80000, Morocco"},{"name":"MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre\u2014Sedimentary Geology Group, Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116628","article-title":"Water quality criteria for the protection of human health of 15 toxic metals and their human risk in surface water, China","volume":"276","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. 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