{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:53:04Z","timestamp":1760147584028,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["SFRH\/BPD\/76404\/2011","FCT-UIDB\/04349\/2020","(PIDDAC)\u2014UIDB\/50019\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BPD\/76404\/2011","FCT-UIDB\/04349\/2020","(PIDDAC)\u2014UIDB\/50019\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["SFRH\/BPD\/76404\/2011","FCT-UIDB\/04349\/2020","(PIDDAC)\u2014UIDB\/50019\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BPD\/76404\/2011","FCT-UIDB\/04349\/2020","(PIDDAC)\u2014UIDB\/50019\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT (I.P.\/MCTES)","award":["SFRH\/BPD\/76404\/2011","FCT-UIDB\/04349\/2020","(PIDDAC)\u2014UIDB\/50019\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BPD\/76404\/2011","FCT-UIDB\/04349\/2020","(PIDDAC)\u2014UIDB\/50019\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The existence of thermomineral waters in the Lisbon region (western Portugal), has been known for centuries. Several authors have investigated the characteristics of these thermomineral waters, but their conceptual model (recharge zone, processes controlling the origin and chemical evolution, depth of circulation, etc.) remains unknown. This work highlights the advantages of assessing the conceptual model in urban coastal areas, where different saline sources coexist, combining chemical analyses with environmental isotopes and geochemical modeling. The final physicochemical composition of thermomineral waters seems to be mainly controlled by water\u2013rock interaction processes and different mixing degrees between HCO3-Ca regional groundwaters, cold dilute shallow groundwaters and highly salinized fluid (brackish or brine or non-recent seawater) probably trapped at depth. Based on these results, neither the contribution of polluted water nor the leaching of evaporite rocks seems to be the main salinization factor of the warmer and saline waters. A positive correlation exists between the lowest radiocarbon activities (average apparent ages ~6 ka BP) and highest water temperature and salinity (up to 39 \u00b0C and 6.3 g\/L), suggesting progressive salinization and deeper circulation (up to 1200 m depth) into the hosting formations, where mixing with trapped salinized fluids probably took place, as confirmed by geochemical modeling. Finally, very favorable geological conditions in the Estoril region allow for fast rising and the occurrence of these thermomineral waters at relatively shallow depths.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w15040766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T05:37:46Z","timestamp":1676439466000},"page":"766","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Environmental Stable and Radioactive Isotopes in the Assessment of Thermomineral Waters in Lisbon Region (Portugal): Contributions for a Conceptual Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0828-6045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rayco","family":"Marrero-D\u00edaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Geol\u00f3gico y Minero de Espa\u00f1a, Alonso Alvarado 43, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35003 Gran Canaria, Spain"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Nacional de Energia e Geologia I.P. (LNEG), Alfragide, 2610-999 Amadora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5275-1311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Geologia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Instituto D. Luiz, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2178-7848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Carreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologias Nucleares (C2TN), Departamento de Engenharia e Ci\u00eancias Nucleares (DECN), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, ao km 139,7, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s100400100147","article-title":"Editor\u2019s Message Isotope techniques for monitoring ground water salinization","volume":"9","author":"Gaye","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hydrog. 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