{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T20:40:43Z","timestamp":1775076043423,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Bol\u00edvar","award":["INV03CI2214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV03CI2214"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A filling operation generates continuous changes over the shape of an air\u2013water interface, which can be captured using a 3D CFD model. This research analyses the influence of different hydro-pneumatic tank pressures and air pocket sizes as initial conditions for studying rapid filling operations in a 7.6 m long PVC pipeline with an irregular profile, using the OpenFOAM software. The analysed scenarios were validated using experimental measurements, where the 3D CFD model was suitable for simulating them. In addition, a mesh sensitivity analysis was performed. Air pocket pressure patterns, water velocity oscillations, and the different shapes of the air\u2013water interface were analysed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w15050834","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T02:30:35Z","timestamp":1676946635000},"page":"834","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Rapid Filling Analysis with an Entrapped Air Pocket in Water Pipelines Using a 3D CFD Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1448-9201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duban A.","family":"Paternina-Verona","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Bol\u00edvar, Cartagena 131001, Colombia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6574-0857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar E.","family":"Coronado-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Bol\u00edvar, Cartagena 131001, Colombia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2861-2442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hector G.","family":"Espinoza-Rom\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo INMEDIT S.A.S., Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena 130001, Colombia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3524-2555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicente S.","family":"Fuertes-Miquel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9028-9711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena M.","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Georesources, CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Fuertes, V. 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