{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T00:08:40Z","timestamp":1777334920638,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)"},{"name":"Ministry of Scientific Research, Technology and Competency Development of Tunisia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The key processes responsible for the rise in groundwater salinization in the Mio\u2013Pliocene aquifer system of Sousse (Tunisia, eastern coastline) were identified through a multidisciplinary approach based on the use of geochemical, stable (2H, 13C, 18O and 37Cl) and radioactive (3H and 14C) isotope methods. In the study region, the mineralization of groundwaters is related to water\u2013rock interaction ascribed to the dissolution of minerals in evaporite rocks, as well as to saltwater intrusion. Both processes explain the development of groundwaters in which Cl and Na dominantly determine the groundwater quality deterioration state. The isotopic and geochemical signatures of the studied groundwaters are clearly explained by the (i) occurrence of saline basins (sebkhas adjacent to the study region), (ii) type of rocks found below the ground surface, and (iii) cation exchange between clays and groundwaters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w15061242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T06:00:01Z","timestamp":1679464801000},"page":"1242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Evidence for Groundwater Salinity Origin Based on Hydrogeochemical and Isotopic (2H, 18O, 37Cl, 3H, 13C, 14C) Approaches: Sousse, Eastern Tunisia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Farah","family":"Nefzaoui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LRSTE Laboratory of Water Science and Technology, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, 43, Avenue, Charles Nicolle, Tunis 1082, Tunisia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8830-302X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Ben Hamouda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LRSTE Laboratory of Water Science and Technology, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, 43, Avenue, Charles Nicolle, Tunis 1082, Tunisia"},{"name":"LBTN Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Technologies Nucl\u00e9aires, Centre National des Sciences et Technologies Nucl\u00e9aires, Technopark of Sidi Thabet, Sidi Thabet 2020, Tunisia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2178-7848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Carreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologias Nucleares (C2TN), 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1644-7195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5874-0157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans","family":"Eggenkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Onderzoek en Beleving, 1402 VT Bussum, The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeps.2013.03.225","article-title":"Groundwater Salinization in France","volume":"7","author":"Kloppmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Procedia Earth Planet. 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