{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T16:28:47Z","timestamp":1770740927780,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]],"date-time":"2023-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The processed discharges from Tangier Automotive City\u2019s (TAC) Chrafate Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) contaminate the Jouamaa Hakama groundwater and the Ouljat Echatt river. We aimed to study the unknown interactions between surface water (SW) and groundwater (GW). A total of nine Jouamaa Hakama GW samples and eleven Ouljat Echatt SW samples were taken and analyzed in 2021 and 2022 to determine 16 physical and chemical parameters (pH, temperature (T), electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), total hardness (TH), turbidity (TURB), and total dissolved solids (TDS), cations: Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+, anions: Cl\u2212, CO32\u2212, HCO3\u2212, NO3\u2212, and SO42\u2212). For exploitation of the data, we used a methodology based on hydrochemical modeling (HM), principal component analysis (PCA), Water Quality Index (WQI), Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI), inverse distance weighted interpolation (IDW) using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and regression analysis (RA). We studied the interaction of the surface water of the river (contaminated by discharges from the WWTP) with the shallow groundwater on a strip of 100 m on either side of the river to understand the transverse and longitudinal dispersion of this pollution The investigations indicated that the major ions found in GW and SW were characterized in a different order in the anion list order Cl\u2212 &gt; CO32\u2212 &gt; NO3\u2212 &gt; HCO3\u2212 &gt; SO42\u2212 and Cl\u2212 &gt; SO42\u2212 &gt; CO32\u2212 &gt; NO3\u2212 &gt; HCO3\u2212, respectively, while the concentrations of cations showed the same order for both: Na+ &gt; Ca2+ &gt; Mg2+ &gt; K+. As a result, GW showed in the Piper diagram the type of sodium chloride to magnesium carbonate, while SW belongs to the sodium chloride to magnesium sulfate type. The WQI showed that the river waters are all unsuitable for use (WQI &gt; 100), while the GW is of poor quality (WQI &gt; 76). Moreover, the results of the GW\u2013SW interaction along the river revealed a significant relationship (R2 = 0.85), which means that strong circulation and the infiltration of contaminated SW into shallow GW occur in this area. The approaches followed have been proven effective in evaluating water quality for human and animal uses. These results can help decision-makers in the region take suitable management measures to mitigate this environmental problem.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w15091752","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]],"date-time":"2023-05-03T01:36:38Z","timestamp":1683077798000},"page":"1752","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Interactions Evaluation between the Jouamaa Hakama Groundwater and Ouljat Echatt River in the North of Morocco, Using Hydrochemical Modeling, Multivariate Statistics and GIS"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0464-1118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El Mustapha","family":"Azzirgue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials, Natural Substances and Environment, Chemistry Department, Sciences and Technology Faculty, Abdelmalek Essa\u00e2di University, Tangier 90090, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8583-632X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El Khalil","family":"Cherif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Systems and Robotics, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics (OGS), Centre for Management of Maritime Infrastructure (CGN), Borgo Grotta Gigante 42\/C, Sgonico, 34010 Trieste, Italy"},{"name":"MARETEC\u2014Marine, Environment and Technology Center, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0369-2079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamza","family":"El Azhari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials, Natural Substances and Environment, Chemistry Department, Sciences and Technology Faculty, Abdelmalek Essa\u00e2di University, Tangier 90090, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Houria","family":"Dakak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit on Environment and Conservation of Natural Resources, Regional Center of Rabat, National Institute of Agronomic Research (INRA), Av. Ennasr, Rabat 10100, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Hasna","family":"Yachou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit on Environment and Conservation of Natural Resources, Regional Center of Rabat, National Institute of Agronomic Research (INRA), Av. Ennasr, Rabat 10100, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Ghanimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Materials, Nanotechnology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Rabat, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10101, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Nordine","family":"Nouayti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Management and Civil Engineering Team, Laboratory of Applied Sciences, National School of Applied Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Al Hoceima 32002, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8478-3441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim","family":"Esteves da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Qu\u00edmica (CIQUP), Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Moleculares (IMS), Departamento de Geoci\u00eancias, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Territ\u00f3rio, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Farida","family":"Salmoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials, Natural Substances and Environment, Chemistry Department, Sciences and Technology Faculty, Abdelmalek Essa\u00e2di University, Tangier 90090, Morocco"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Dakkak, H., Zouahri, A., Iaaich, H., Moussadek, R., Elkhadir, M., Douaik, A., Soudi, B., and Benmohammadi, A. 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