{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:22:29Z","timestamp":1760149349831,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia and Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/04683\/2020","UIDP\/04683\/2020","Nano-MINENV 029259"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04683\/2020","UIDP\/04683\/2020","Nano-MINENV 029259"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wastewaters are valuable sources of metals and metalloids and can serve as essential resources for their recovery. Characterizing and understanding the occurrence of metals and other compounds, along with identifying the most effective recovery methods, are key steps in unlocking the potential for reusing these resources. The present study focused on analyzing waters from various mining dams in the Iron Quadrangle (IQ) region of Brazil, which contained metals such as Au, Cu, Ni, Zn, and sulfates resulting from the metallurgical treatment of Au. The results revealed a range of metal concentrations in the neutral zone in three tailings. Additionally, a 3D map was created, and a statistical analysis and an exploration of the processes governing mobility and partitioning were conducted to assess the potential for reuse. Notably, the study identified a high potential for Au recovery, particularly through the utilization of sustainable and cost-effective methods such as nanofibers with biosorbents. Overall, this research contributes to the understanding and exploration of potential reuse procedures for strategic metals in various industrial applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w15152714","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T01:56:16Z","timestamp":1690509376000},"page":"2714","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Hydrochemistry, Elements Distribution and Their Potential Recoveries in Gold Metallurgical Treatment Tailings Dams"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9629-3332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana Gazire","family":"Lemos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Minho, Pole of University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Anglogold Ashanti, Mining and Technical, COO International, Nova Lima 34000-000, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7293-3825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa Maria","family":"Valente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Minho, Pole of University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0922-8290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Am\u00e9lia Paula Marinho","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Minho, Pole of University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Am\u00e1lia Sequeira","family":"Braga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Minho, Pole of University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6389-2822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita Maria Ferreira","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earth Sciences, University of \u00c9vora, Pole of University of \u00c9vora, 7000-345 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Fernanda","family":"Guabiroba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anglogold Ashanti, Mining and Technical, COO International, Nova Lima 34000-000, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Gregorio da Mata","family":"Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anglogold Ashanti, Mining and Technical, COO International, Nova Lima 34000-000, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Marcus Felix","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anglogold Ashanti, Mining and Technical, COO International, Nova Lima 34000-000, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Antonio Roberto","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anglogold Ashanti, Mining and Technical, COO International, Nova Lima 34000-000, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Apolo Pedrosa","family":"Bhering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Minho, Pole of University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Giovana","family":"Rebelo Di\u00f3rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory on Basin Analysis, Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba 81532-980, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5101","DOI":"10.1021\/es034636c","article-title":"Macroscopic and microscopic observations of particle-facilitated mercury transport from New Idria and Sulphur Bank mercury mine tailings","volume":"38","author":"Lowry","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.04.030","article-title":"Fractions and colloidal distribution of arsenic associated with iron oxide minerals in lead-zinc mine-contaminated soils: Comparison of tailings and smelter pollution","volume":"227","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Moreno, F., Valente, T.M.F., Gomes, P., Fonseca, R., Costa, M.R., and Costa, A. (2019, January 21\u201326). Partitioning of Potentially Toxic Elements among Two Colloidal Fractions and Relevance for Their Mobility in Different Water Types. Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction (WRI-16) and 13th International Symposium on Applied Isotope Geochemistry (1st IAGC International Conference), Tomsk, Russia."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2016.03.009","article-title":"Mineralogical and geochemical characterization of the Old Tailings Dam. Australia: Evaluating the effectiveness of a water cover for long-term AMD control","volume":"68","author":"Jackson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Geochem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gexplo.2015.12.013","article-title":"A multidisciplinary characterization of a tailings pond in the Linares-La Carolina mining district. Spain","volume":"162","author":"Hidalgo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geochem. Explor."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Araujo, F.S., Taborda-Llano, I., Nunes, E.B., and Santos, R.M. (2022). Recycling and reuse of mine tailings: A review of advancements and their implications. Geosciences, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202207.0010.v3"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cacciuttolo, C., and Cano, D. (2022). Environmental Impact Assessment of Mine Tailings Spill Considering Metallurgical Processes of Gold and Copper Mining: Case Studies in the Andean Countries of Chile and Peru. Water, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/w14193057"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4339","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-31133-6","article-title":"Geochemistry and mineralogy of auriferous tailings deposits and their potential for reuse in Nova Lima Region. Brazil","volume":"13","author":"Lemos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"469","article-title":"Physico-chemical characteristics of a gold mining tailings dam wastewater","volume":"A2","author":"Acheampong","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Economopoulos, A.P. (1993). Assessment of Sources of Air, Water and Soil Pollution: A Guide to Rapid Source Inventory Techniques and Their Use in Formulating Environmental Control Strategies, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1021\/es00027a027","article-title":"Transport of inorganic colloids through natural aquifer material: Implications for contaminant transport","volume":"26","author":"Puls","year":"1992","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Modi, S., Yadav, V.K., Gacem, A., Ali, I.H., Dave, D., Khan, S.H., Yadav, K.K., Rather, S., Ahn, Y., and Son, C.T. (2022). Recent and emerging trends in remediation of methylene blue dye from wastewater by using zinc oxide nanoparticles. Water, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/w14111749"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Maharajh, D., Grewar, T., Neale., J., and van Rooyen., M. (2018, January 12\u201316). Mine Water: A Resource for the Circular Economy in South African Mining Communities. Proceedings of the Mine Water Solutions, Vancouver, Canada."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Einschlag, F.S.G. (2013). Water Water-Treatment Technologies and Recent Analytical Developments, InTech."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2023, June 06). Wastewater Characterization Study. TRC Environmental Corporation, Available online: https:\/\/www.ibwc.gov\/Files\/Characterization_Study_March_2015.pdf."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"6293819","article-title":"Physicochemical characterization of mining waste from the Betare-Oya gold area (East Cameroon) and an adsorption test by Sabga smectite (North-West Cameroon)","volume":"2020","author":"Leroy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scientifica"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134339","article-title":"Monitoring and analysis of selenium as an emerging contaminant in mining industry: A critical review","volume":"698","author":"Etteieb","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.10.030","article-title":"Chemical modeling of groundwater quality in the aquifer of Seini town\u2013Some\u0219 Plain, Northwestern Romania","volume":"168","author":"Dippong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34993","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-06591-z","article-title":"Evaluation of geostatistical techniques and their hybrid in modelling of groundwater quality index in the Marand Plain in Iran","volume":"26","author":"Rostami","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rashid, A., Ayub, M., Ullah, Z., Ali, A., Sardar, T., Iqbal, J., Gao, X., Bundschuh, J., Li, C., and Khattak, S.A. (2023). Groundwater Quality, Health Risk Assessment, and Source Distribution of Heavy Metals Contamination around Chromite Mines: Application of GIS, Sustainable Groundwater Management, Geostatistics, PCAMLR, and PMF Receptor Model. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20032113"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15876","DOI":"10.1039\/C8RA00577J","article-title":"GIS-based evaluation of groundwater geochemistry and statistical determination of the fate of contaminants in shallow aquifers from different functional areas of Agra city, India: Levels and spatial distributions","volume":"8","author":"Yadav","year":"2018","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1073","article-title":"Geostatistical Approach to Assessment of Spatial Distribution of Groundwater Quality","volume":"18","author":"Nas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pol. J. Environ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghosh, T., Gacem, A., Alsufyani, T., Alam, M.M., Yadav, K.K., Amanullah, M., and Cabral-Pinto, M.M.S. (2022). Geospatial Evaluation of Cropping Pattern and Cropping Intensity Using Multi Temporal Harmonized Product of Sentinel-2 Dataset on Google Earth Engine. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app122412583"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naranjo-Fern\u00e1ndez, N., Guardiola-Albert, C., and Montero-Gonz\u00e1lez, E. (2019). Applying 3D Geostatistical Simulation to Improve the Groundwater Management Modelling of Sedimentary Aquifers: The Case of Do\u00f1ana (Southwest Spain). Water, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/w11010039"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Fran\u00e7a, S.C., Andrade, L.S., Loayza, P.E., and Trampus, B.C. (2017, January 25\u201330). Water in Mining\u2014Challenges for Reuse. Proceedings of the 13th International Mine Water Association Congress\u2014Mine Water & Circular Economy, Lappeenranta, Finland."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Semenkov, I., Sharapova, A., Lednev., S., Yudina., N., Karpachevskiy., A., Klink., G., and Koroleva., T. (2022). Geochemical Partitioning of Heavy Metals and Metalloids in the Ecosystems of Abandoned Mine Sites: A Case Study within the Moscow Brown Coal Basin. Water, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/w14010113"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Domingues, A.F., Boson, P.H.G., and Al\u00edpaz, S. (2013). Water Resource Management and the Mining Industry, Instituto Brasileiro de Minera\u00e7\u00e3o."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"241","article-title":"Water quality assessment of Pahuj River using water quality index at Unnao Balaji, MP, India","volume":"19","author":"Yadav","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Basic Appl. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Dang, H.T., Tran, H.D., Tran, N.T., Tran, A.H., and Sasakawa, M. (2014, January 15\u201319). Potential Reuse of Coal Mine Wastewater: A Case Study in Quang Ninh. Vietnam. Proceedings of the 37th WEDC International Conference, Hanoi, Vietnam."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2006.09.032","article-title":"Key objectives for water reuse concepts","volume":"218","author":"Huertas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, S., Wen, S., Han., G., Wang., X., and Feng., Q. (2022). Wastewater treatment in mineral processing of non-ferrous metal resources: A review. Water, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/w14050726"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29407","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-23959-w","article-title":"Assessment of groundwater geochemistry for drinking and irrigation suitability in Jaunpur district of Uttar Pradesh using GIS-based statistical inference","volume":"30","author":"Maurya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, C., Wen, L., Wang., Y., Liu., C., Zhou., Y., and Lei., G. (2020). Can constructed wetlands be wildlife refuges? A review of their potential biodiversity conservation value. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12041442"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2022.108855","article-title":"Artificial wetlands as alternative habitat for a wide range of waterbird species","volume":"138","author":"Rajpar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s41204-016-0011-6","article-title":"Process effluents and mine tailings: Sources. effects and management and role of nanotechnology","volume":"2","author":"Mohapatra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112060","article-title":"Feasibility of re-processing mine tailings to obtain critical raw materials using real options analysis","volume":"284","author":"Araya","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.2174\/1872210514666201224104555","article-title":"Recent Patents in Reuse of Metal Mining Tailings and Emerging Potential in Nanotechnology Applications","volume":"15","year":"2021","journal-title":"Recent Pat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.133874","article-title":"Membrane distillation and dispersive solvent extraction in a closed-loop process for water. sulfuric acid and copper recycling from gold mining wastewater","volume":"435","author":"Moreira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2021.103690","article-title":"Evaluating the geochemistry of groundwater contamination with iron and manganese and probabilistic human health risk assessment in endemic areas of the world\u2019s largest River Island, India","volume":"87","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/s44221-022-00006-z","article-title":"Prospects of metal recovery from wastewater and brine","volume":"1","author":"DuChanois","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Water"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2021.115510","article-title":"Recovery of precious metals from industrial wastewater towards resource recovery and environmental sustainability: A critical review","volume":"527","author":"Nakhjiri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1038\/s41545-022-00154-5","article-title":"Recent developments in hazardous pollutants removal from wastewater and water reuse within a circular economy","volume":"5","author":"Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Clean Water"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Soares, V.A.A.P. (2022). Recupera\u00e7\u00e3o de Metais Estrat\u00e9gicos au (iii), ag (i), pt (iv) e pd (ii) de Barragens de Rejeito e Lixo Eletr\u00f4nico Com o Uso de Nanotecnologia e Urucum Visando Tecnologias Sustentav\u00e9is: Uma Proposta Translacional. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais]."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.111555","article-title":"Recent advances in heavy metal recovery from wastewater by biogenic sulfide precipitation","volume":"278","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2016.01.021","article-title":"Selective removals of heavy metals (Pb2+, Cu2+, and Cd2+) from wastewater by gelation with alginate for effective metal recovery","volume":"308","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Reis, B.G. (2018). Toward High Temperature and Low pH Gold Mining Effluent Reclamation by Different Membrane Separation Processes. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais]."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2006.08.023","article-title":"Development of analysis tools for social, economic and ecological effects of water reuse","volume":"218","author":"Urkiaga","year":"2008","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lemos, M., Valente, T., Reis, P.M., Fonseca, R., Delbem, I., Ventura, J., and Magalh\u00e3es, M. (2020). Mineralogical and geochemical characterization of gold mining tailings and their potential to generate acid mine drainage (Minas Gerais. Brazil). Minerals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/min11010039"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-1368(01)00016-6","article-title":"Orogenic gold and geologic time: A global synthesis","volume":"18","author":"Goldfarb","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ore Geol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s001260100180","article-title":"Brazil\u2019s premier gold province. Part II: Geology and genesis of gold deposits in the Archean Rio das Velhas greenstone belt, Quadril\u00e1tero Ferr\u00edfero","volume":"36","author":"Lobato","year":"2001","journal-title":"Miner. Depos."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"AGA (2021). AngloGold Ashanti AngloGold Ashanti Recommendations, (Unpublished)."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Eaton, A.D., Clesceri, L.S., Rice, E.W., Greenberg, A.E., and Franson, M.A.H. (2005). Standard Method for Examination of Water and Wastewater, American Public Health Association. [21st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Pereira, M.S. (2020). Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o dos Produtos de Oxida\u00e7\u00e3o e Ocorr\u00eancia do Efeito Preg-Robbing da Oxida\u00e7\u00e3o sob Press\u00e3o em Autoclave de Bancada e Industrial Para o Min\u00e9rio Sulfetado da Mina I de C\u00f3rrego do S\u00edtio, Minas Gerais. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais]."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Magalh\u00e3es, M.F. (2022). Utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o de Simula\u00e7\u00e3o de Elementos Discretos (DEM) Para Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o de Par\u00e2metros da Teoria da Amostragem. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo]."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s10230-021-00754-6","article-title":"Geoenvironmental study of gold mining tailings in a circular economy context: Santa Barbara, Minas Gerais, Brazil","volume":"40","author":"Lemos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mine Water Environ."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Moura, W. (2005). Especia\u00e7\u00e3o de Cianeto para Redu\u00e7\u00e3o do Consumo no Circuito de Lixivia\u00e7\u00e3o de Calcinado da Usina do Queir\u00f3z. [Master Thesis, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais]."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"(2023, June 28). Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat\u00edstica\u2014IBGE, Available online: https:\/\/www.ibge.gov.br\/023."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Gomes, F.P.S.S. (2021). Impactos dos Processos de Drenagem \u00c1cida na Qualidade Ambiental e Acumula\u00e7\u00e3o Potencial de Metais Estrat\u00e9gicos em Barragens Localizadas na Faixa Piritosa Ib\u00e9rica. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade do Minho]."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2008.11.034","article-title":"Distribution of metals in soil particle size fractions and its implication to risk assessment of playgrounds in Murcia City (Spain)","volume":"149","author":"Acosta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mineng.2021.106814","article-title":"Integration of geostatistical modeling into discrete event simulation for development of tailings dam retreatment applications","volume":"164","author":"Wilson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Miner. Eng."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-018-2462-0","article-title":"Impact of climate change on potential evapotranspiration (case study: West and NW of Iran)","volume":"136","author":"Dinpashoh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32517","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-06419-w","article-title":"Sensitivity analysis of the reference crop evapotranspiration in a humid region","volume":"26","author":"Biazar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Gomes, P., Valente, T., Cordeiro, M., and Moreno, F. (2019, January 21\u201326). Hydrochemistry of Pit Lakes in the Portuguese Sector of the Iberian Pyrite Belt. Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction (WRI-16) and 13th International Symposium on Applied Isotope Geochemistry (1st IAGC International Conference), Tomsk, Russia. E3S Web of Conferences, EDP Sciences."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente (Brasil) (2005, January 17). Resolu\u00e7\u00e3o, n\u00b0 357, de 17 de Mar\u00e7o de 2005. Proceedings of the Disp\u00f5e Sobre a Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o dos Corpos de \u00c1gua e Diretrizes Ambientais Para o Seu Enquadramento, Bem Como Estabelece as Condi\u00e7\u00f5es e Padr\u00f5es de Lan\u00e7amento de Efluentes, e d\u00e1 Outras Provid\u00eancias, Di\u00e1rio Oficial da Uni\u00e3o, Bras\u00edlia, Brazil."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2006.03.004","article-title":"Structural control and hydrothermal alteration at the BIF-hosted Raposos lode-gold deposit, Quadril\u00e1tero Ferr\u00edfero, Brazil","volume":"32","author":"Junqueira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ore Geol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Valente, T.M.F. (2004). Modelos de Caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o de Impacte Ambiental para Escombreiras Reactivas: Equil\u00edbrio e Evolu\u00e7\u00e3o de Res\u00edduos de Actividade Extractiva. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade do Minho]."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02991043","article-title":"Soil and sediment geochemistry of the iron quadrangle, Brazil the case of arsenic","volume":"2","author":"Deschamps","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Soils Sediments"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(57)90018-2","article-title":"Separation of manganese from iron in sedimentary processes","volume":"12","author":"Krauskopf","year":"1957","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2022.116096","article-title":"Two-dimensional materials in enhancement of membrane-based lithium recovery from metallic-ions-rich wastewaters: A review","volume":"543","author":"Rahighi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Millan, R.D.S., Galery, R., Costa, L.M., Windmoeller, C.C., Soares, V.A.A.P., Diniz, A.G.N., and Amador, V.S. (2021). Processo para tratamento de efluentes e recupera\u00e7\u00e3o de metais nobres com uso de sementes de Bixa orellana. (BR1020210263202), Linnaeus. Patent."}],"container-title":["Water"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/15\/15\/2714\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:20:48Z","timestamp":1760127648000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/15\/15\/2714"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["w15152714"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/w15152714","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4441"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-4441"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]]}}}