{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T07:40:12Z","timestamp":1773214812644,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EU Horizon 2020 R+D program","award":["GeoE.171.008-TACTIC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GeoE.171.008-TACTIC"]}]},{"name":"EU Horizon 2020 R+D program","award":["Ge-oE.171.008-HOVER"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ge-oE.171.008-HOVER"]}]},{"name":"EU Horizon 2020 R+D program","award":["101086497"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101086497"]}]},{"name":"EU Horizon 2020 R+D program","award":["PID2021-128021OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-128021OB-I00"]}]},{"name":"EU Horizon 2020 R+D program","award":["RTI2018-101397-B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-101397-B-I00"]}]},{"name":"EU Horizon-CL6-2022-Governance-01 R+D program","award":["GeoE.171.008-TACTIC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GeoE.171.008-TACTIC"]}]},{"name":"EU Horizon-CL6-2022-Governance-01 R+D program","award":["Ge-oE.171.008-HOVER"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ge-oE.171.008-HOVER"]}]},{"name":"EU Horizon-CL6-2022-Governance-01 R+D program","award":["101086497"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101086497"]}]},{"name":"EU Horizon-CL6-2022-Governance-01 R+D program","award":["PID2021-128021OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-128021OB-I00"]}]},{"name":"EU Horizon-CL6-2022-Governance-01 R+D program","award":["RTI2018-101397-B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-101397-B-I00"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","award":["GeoE.171.008-TACTIC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GeoE.171.008-TACTIC"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","award":["Ge-oE.171.008-HOVER"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ge-oE.171.008-HOVER"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","award":["101086497"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101086497"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","award":["PID2021-128021OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-128021OB-I00"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","award":["RTI2018-101397-B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-101397-B-I00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The protection of groundwater resources in coastal aquifers is an increasingly important issue worldwide. To establish threshold values and remediation objectives, it is essential to know the natural background concentrations of relevant ions in groundwater. The rationale is to define the Natural Background Level (NBL) of chemical species determined by atmospheric and lithological forces. In many coastal aquifers, this evaluation worsens since atmospheric and lithological salinity combines with many other anthropogenic sources of salinity, including exogenous salinity induced by seawater intrusion (SWI). This paper presents a combination of six well-known statistical techniques and a new methodology (i.e., SITE index) in eight GWBs affected by SWI in Eastern Spain. The chloride ion was the selected conservative chemical specie to assess the qualitative status due to the variable SWI affection. The Natural Chloride Background (NCB) obtained from these methodologies at the GWB scale was compared with regional NCB data calculated with the Atmospheric Chloride Mass Balance (CMB) method in Continental Spain. The CMB method provides atmospherically derived NCB data that are not influenced by SWI or anthropogenic activities or lithological forces. This external evaluation can be considered the atmospheric fraction of NCB, which serves as a regional criterion to validate the more detailed statistical methodologies applied at the GWB scale. As a result, a conceptualization of NCB is obtained by means of a range of values between 115 mg L\u22121 and 261 mg L\u22121 in the studied coastal GWBs affected by SWI in Eastern Spain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w15152728","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T07:35:24Z","timestamp":1690529724000},"page":"2728","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Framework to Assess Natural Chloride Background in Coastal Aquifers Affected by Seawater Intrusion in Eastern Spain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8499-8730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Grima-Olmedo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Geol\u00f3gico y Minero de Espa\u00f1a (CN IGME\u2013CSIC), 28003 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Ballesteros-Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Geol\u00f3gico y Minero de Espa\u00f1a (CN IGME\u2013CSIC), 28003 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7985-0769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Pulido-Velazquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Geol\u00f3gico y Minero de Espa\u00f1a (CN IGME\u2013CSIC), 28003 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0862-2923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arianna","family":"Renau-Pru\u00f1onosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bot\u00e1nica y Geolog\u00eda, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, 46010 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"C\u00e1tedra FACSA-UJI, Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Mec\u00e1nica y Construcci\u00f3n, Universitat Jaume I, 12006 Castellon, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8165-8669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Javier","family":"Alcal\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Desertificaci\u00f3n y Geo-Ecolog\u00eda, Estaci\u00f3n Experimental de Zonas \u00c1ridas (EEZA\u2013CSIC), 04120 Almeria, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas Aplicadas, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chile, Santiago 7500138, Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1349-2716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Llopis-Albert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Ingenier\u00eda Mec\u00e1nica y Biomec\u00e1nica (I2MB), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4042-0478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Gavil\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Geology, Faculty of Science, University of M\u00e1laga, 29016 Malaga, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4253-513X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolay","family":"Milkov-Ivanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bot\u00e1nica y Geolog\u00eda, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, 46010 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"C\u00e1tedra FACSA-UJI, Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Mec\u00e1nica y Construcci\u00f3n, Universitat Jaume I, 12006 Castellon, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2912-0690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leticia","family":"Baena-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Geol\u00f3gico y Minero de Espa\u00f1a (CN IGME\u2013CSIC), 28003 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6164-8527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Grima-Olmedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Geol\u00f3gica y Minera, Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenieros de Minas y Energ\u00eda, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28003 Madrid, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"United Nations (2023, July 19). 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