{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T23:52:13Z","timestamp":1776901933832,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]],"date-time":"2023-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT (Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT (Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000 040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000 040"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"ATLANTIDA project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"ATLANTIDA project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000 040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000 040"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE 2020)","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE 2020)","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000 040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000 040"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000 040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000 040"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coastal areas are frequently impacted by anthropogenic pollution, due to intense human activity in these zones. Our study aimed to monitor the impacts of anthropogenic pollution in four Portuguese locations on the northwest coast, and to identify the most affected areas and\/or seasons by applying a multi-biomarker approach. Water and specimens of Phorcus lineatus were collected on the rocky shore during low tide in four sites along the northwest Portuguese coast (1. Amorosa; 2. Cabo do Mundo; 3. Homem do Leme; 4. S. F\u00e9lix da Marinha) with different anthropogenic pressures, including an industrial maritime shipyard; an oil refinery; an international airport; and an area with high human population density. The collection took place over two seasons: the summer of 2021 and the winter of 2022. Several biochemical biomarkers, including reactive oxygen species; protein carbonyl content; lipid peroxidation (LPO); carboxylesterase (CE); and antioxidant (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and neurotoxicity\u2014acetylcholinesterase (AChE)) enzymes were measured. The results showed seasonal variation, with the ROS, LPO, CE, and GST activities depending particularly on the season, but the SOD and CAT activities being similar between summer and winter. CAT showed lower activity in Site 1 than in the other sites during both seasons (p &lt; 0.05). The Integrated Biomarker Response (IBR) index showed that biomarker responses were higher in winter. The multivariate analysis confirmed the higher contribution of the factor season to the P. lineatus\u2019 response to pollutants, compared to the spatial variation in the northwest Portuguese coast. Overall, this study shows that P. lineatus can be a suitable bioindicator species for environmental biomonitoring, and that the IBR index allows the identification of temporal contamination patterns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w16010005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]],"date-time":"2023-12-19T06:03:11Z","timestamp":1702965791000},"page":"5","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Environmental Health Assessment of the Northwest Portuguese Coast\u2014Biochemical Biomarker Responses in the Marine Gastropod Phorcus lineatus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2827-9221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D\u00e9rcia","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CITAB-Inov4Agro\u2014Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences\u2014Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5038-6085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Varandas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CITAB-Inov4Agro\u2014Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences\u2014Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"CIBIO\/InBIO\u2014Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Campus Agr\u00e1rio de Vair\u00e3o, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5636-9400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Soares","family":"Carrola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CITAB-Inov4Agro\u2014Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences\u2014Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7492-4965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jos\u00e9","family":"Saavedra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CITAB-Inov4Agro\u2014Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences\u2014Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5052-3596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Luzio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CITAB-Inov4Agro\u2014Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences\u2014Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4026-5965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra M.","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CITAB-Inov4Agro\u2014Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences\u2014Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7308-5840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edna","family":"Cabecinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CITAB-Inov4Agro\u2014Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences\u2014Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1080\/10807039.2018.1469398","article-title":"Trophic transfer, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification of non-essential hazardous heavy metals and metalloids in food chains\/webs\u2014Concepts and implications for wildlife and human health","volume":"25","author":"Ali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2021.102202","article-title":"Study of heavy metal bioaccumulation in Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamark 1819) from heavy metal mixture using the CCF design","volume":"25","author":"Boudjema","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801889","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2021.801889","article-title":"The Combined effects of ocean acidification and heavy metals on marine organisms: A Meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Jin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2021.103704","article-title":"Toxicity assessment of urban marine sediments from Western Norway using a battery of stress-activated receptors and cell-based bioassays from fish","volume":"87","author":"Pampanin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-022-02591-x","article-title":"Bioaccumulation of trace metals and genotoxicity responses in Liza aurata as an indicator of industrial pollution","volume":"31","author":"Turan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1039\/C8MT00092A","article-title":"Copper-induced immunomodulation in mussel (Perna canaliculus) haemocytes","volume":"10","author":"Nguyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metallomics"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152807","article-title":"Impacts of dissolved Zn and nanoparticle forms in the fatty acid landscape of Mytilus galloprovincialis","volume":"817","author":"Roma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114247","article-title":"Effects of microplastics and mercury on manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum: Feeding rate, immunomodulation, histopathology and oxidative stress","volume":"262","author":"Sezer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2007.09.062","article-title":"Comparison of heavy metal toxicity in life stages (spermiotoxicity, egg toxicity, embryotoxicity and larval toxicity) of Hydroides elegans","volume":"71","author":"Gopalakrishnan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.08.074","article-title":"Application of biomarkers in brown algae (Cystoseria indica) to assess heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb, Hg, Ni, Cr) pollution in the northern coasts of the Gulf of Oman","volume":"164","author":"Sinaei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.127312","article-title":"Heavy Metal Pollution in Coastal Wetlands: A Systematic Review of Studies Globally over the Past Three Decades","volume":"424","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Cid, B., Falqu\u00e9, E., and Simal-Gandara, J. (2021). Coastline Levels of Dissolved Heavy Metals in the Estuarine Water\u2013System of Vigo. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18042136"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2013.02.027","article-title":"Seasonal variation of metal contamination in the barnacles Pollicipes pollicipes in northwest coast of Portugal show clear correlation with levels in the surrounding water","volume":"70","author":"Reis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.05.234","article-title":"Distribution and environmental assessment of trace elements contamination of water, sediments and flora from Douro River estuary, Portugal","volume":"639","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calisi, A. (2023). Integrating Bioindicators and Biomarkers in Aquatic Ecotoxicology: An Overview. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app132111920"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Fath, B. (2019). Encyclopedia of Ecology, Elsevier. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2023.105988","article-title":"Morphological and functional alterations in hemocytes of Mytilus galloprovincialis exposed in high-impact anthropogenic sites","volume":"188","author":"Calisi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1132","article-title":"A risk-based approach to cumulative effect assessments for marine management","volume":"15","author":"Coll","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(01)00013-3","article-title":"Size-dependent concentrations of trace metals in four Mediterranean gastropods","volume":"45","author":"Cubadda","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2007.02.014","article-title":"Effects of copper and cadmium on cholinesterase and glutathione S-transferase activities of two marine gastropods (Monodonta lineata and Nucella lapillus)","volume":"145","author":"Cunha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2018.03.017","article-title":"Growth patterns of the topshell Phorcus lineatus (da Costa, 1778) in northern Iberia deduced from shell sclerochronology","volume":"526","author":"Cobo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Geol. Chem. Sclerochronol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fulton, T.W. (1911). The Sovereignty of the Sea: An Historical Account of the Claims of England to the Dominion of the British Seas, and of the Evolution of the Territorial Waters: With Special Reference to the Rights of the Fishing and the Naval Salute, W. Blackwood.","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.19744"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2009.03.001","article-title":"Hexabromocyclododecane-induced developmental toxicity and apoptosis in zebrafish embryos","volume":"93","author":"Deng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(93)90307-P","article-title":"A methodological approach to superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity assay based on inhibition of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction","volume":"214","author":"Durak","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Claiborne, A. (1985). CRC Handbook of Methods for Oxygen Radical Research, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Habig, W.H., and Jakoby, W.B. (1981). Methods in Enzymology, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4.7.1","DOI":"10.1002\/0471140856.tx0407s10","article-title":"Measurement of Carboxylesterase (CES) Activities","volume":"10","author":"Hosokawa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1993.1002","article-title":"Lipoprotein oxidation and measurement of thiobarbituric acid reacting substances formation in a single microtiter plate: Its use for evaluation of antioxidants","volume":"208","author":"Wallin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2014.04.034","article-title":"Simplified 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine spectrophotometric assay for quantification of carbonyls in oxidized proteins","volume":"458","author":"Mesquita","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"19","article-title":"Impacts of oxidative stress on acetylcholinesterase transcription, and activity in embryos of zebrafish (Danio rerio) following Chlorpyrifos exposure","volume":"172\u2013173","author":"Schlenk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620210629","article-title":"Integrated biomarker response: A useful tool for ecological risk assessment","volume":"21","author":"Beliaeff","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2448","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-013-2169-9","article-title":"The integrated biomarker response revisited: Optimization to avoid misuse","volume":"21","author":"Devin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Clarke, K.R., and Gorley, R.N. (2015). PRIMER v7: User Manual\/Tutorial Vol. 91, PRIMER-E."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Anderson, M.J., Gorley, R.N., and Clarke, K.R. (2008). PERMANOVA+ for PRIMER: Guide to Software and Statistical Methods, PRIMER-E."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-019-7726-3","article-title":"Biological and biochemical assessment in Phorcus articulatus (Lamarck 1822): Contamination and seasonal effect","volume":"191","author":"Boulajfene","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alengebawy, A., Abdelkhalek, S.T., Qureshi, S.R., and Wang, M.-Q. (2021). Heavy metals and pesticides toxicity in agricultural soil and plants: Ecological risks and human health implications. Toxics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics9030042"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/0269-7491(95)00090-9","article-title":"Heavy metals incidence in the application of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides to rice farming soils","volume":"92","author":"Andreu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142869","article-title":"Seasonal effect of land use management on gill histopathology of Barbel and Douro Nase in a Portuguese watershed","volume":"764","author":"Santos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48057","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-20699-9","article-title":"Pollution status and risk assessment of trace elements in Portuguese water, soils, sediments, and associated biota: A trend analysis from the 80s to 2021","volume":"29","author":"Couto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5447","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-014-3794-6","article-title":"Fucus spiralis as monitoring tool of metal contamination in the northwest coast of Portugal under the European Water Framework Directives","volume":"186","author":"Reis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2017.05.022","article-title":"Bio-monitoring of metal impact on metallothioneins levels in the gastropod Phorcus turbinatus (Born, 1778) in the northeastern and the eastern coasts of Tunisia","volume":"120","author":"Boulajfene","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-010-0477-0","article-title":"The influence of seasonality on biomarker responses in Mytilus edulis","volume":"19","author":"Hagger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s12302-018-0164-y","article-title":"Multiple biomarker responses in caged benthic gastropods Bellamya aeruginosa after in situ exposure to Taihu Lake in China","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Eur."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2016.10.002","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo studies of cholinesterases and carboxylesterases in Planorbarius corneus exposed to a phosphorodithioate insecticide: Finding the most sensitive combination of enzymes, substrates, tissues and recovery capacity","volume":"180","author":"Otero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-005-3854-z","article-title":"The use of Mytilus galloprovincialis acetylcholinesterase and glutathione S-transferases activities as biomarkers of environmental contamination along the Northwest Portuguese coast","volume":"105","author":"Moreira","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2090","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620161015","article-title":"The use of cholinesterase and carboxylesterase activities from Mytilus galloprovincialis in pollution monitoring","volume":"16","author":"Porte","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2004.12.020","article-title":"Effect of temperature and salinity on acetylcholinesterase activity, a common pollution biomarker, in Mytilus sp. from the south-western Baltic Sea","volume":"320","author":"Pfeifer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2009.10.014","article-title":"Cholinesterase and glutathione S-transferase activities of three mollusc species from the NW Portuguese coast in relation to the \u2018Prestige\u2019 oil spill","volume":"77","author":"Morgado","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S1532-0456(01)00245-9","article-title":"The use of acetylcholinesterase activity in Ruditapes decussatus and Mytilus galloprovincialis in the biomonitoring of Bizerta lagoon","volume":"130","author":"Dellali","year":"2001","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1007\/s001289900419","article-title":"Use of acetylcholinesterase in Perna perna and Mytilus galloprovincialis as a biomarker of pollution in Agadir Marine Bay (South of Morocco)","volume":"58","author":"Najimi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boulajfene, W., Lasram, M., and Zouari-Tlig, S. (2021). Integrated biomarker response for environmental assessment using the gastropod Phorcus turbinatus along the Northern and the Northeastern coasts of Tunisia. Life, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/life11060529"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0981(03)00091-1","article-title":"Analysis of Ecological Communities: Bruce McCune and James B. Grace, MjM Software Design, Gleneden Beach, USA, 2002, ISBN 0 9721290 0 6, US$35 (Pbk)","volume":"289","author":"Anderson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9993.1993.tb00438.x","article-title":"Non-parametric multivariate analyses of changes in community structure","volume":"18","author":"Clarke","year":"1993","journal-title":"Aust. J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02289694","article-title":"Nonmetric multidimensional scaling: A numerical method","volume":"29","author":"Kruskal","year":"1964","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2018.01.060","article-title":"Consistent, congruent or redundant? Lotic community and organisational response to disturbance","volume":"89","author":"Cabecinha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s40201-019-00441-3","article-title":"Spatial-seasonal variations and ecological risk of heavy metals in Persian gulf coastal region: Case study of Iran","volume":"18","author":"Mirzaei","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng."}],"container-title":["Water"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/16\/1\/5\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:41:18Z","timestamp":1760132478000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/16\/1\/5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["w16010005"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/w16010005","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4441"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4441","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]]}}}