{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T05:44:57Z","timestamp":1761198297103,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,4]],"date-time":"2024-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology of Portugal","award":["UIDB\/04625\/2020","EAPA_0001\/2022","PID2020-114781RA-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04625\/2020","EAPA_0001\/2022","PID2020-114781RA-I00"]}]},{"name":"HY4RES\u2014Hybrid solutions for Renewable Energy Systems: achieving net-zero Atlantic area energy consumers &amp; communities","award":["UIDB\/04625\/2020","EAPA_0001\/2022","PID2020-114781RA-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04625\/2020","EAPA_0001\/2022","PID2020-114781RA-I00"]}]},{"name":"Spanish State Research Plan Scientific and Technical and Innovation 2017\u20132020","award":["UIDB\/04625\/2020","EAPA_0001\/2022","PID2020-114781RA-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04625\/2020","EAPA_0001\/2022","PID2020-114781RA-I00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The world\u2019s water infrastructures suffer from inefficiencies, such as high energy consumption and water losses due to inadequate management practices and feeble pressure regulation, leading to frequent water and energy losses. This strains vital water and energy resources, especially in the face of the worsening challenges of climate change and population growth. A novel method is presented that integrates micro-hydropower plants, with pumps as turbines (PATs), in the water network in the city of Funchal. Sensitivity analyses evaluated the microgrid\u2019s response to variations in the cost of energy components, showing favorable outcomes with positive net present value (NPV). PV solar and micro-wind turbines installed exclusively at the selected PRV sites within the Funchal hydro grid generate a combined 153 and 55 MWh\/year, respectively, supplementing the 406 MWh\/year generated by PATs. It should be noted that PATs consistently have the lowest cost of electricity (LCOE), confirming their economic viability and efficiency across different scenarios, even after accounting for reductions in alternative energy sources and grid infrastructure costs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w16030504","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]],"date-time":"2024-02-05T09:31:58Z","timestamp":1707125518000},"page":"504","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Energy Transition in Urban Water Infrastructures towards Sustainable Cities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9028-9711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena M.","family":"Ramos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Research and Innovatsion for Sustainability (CERIS), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Department of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8316-7778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Modesto","family":"P\u00e9rez-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydraulic Engineering and Environmental Department, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"given":"Prajwal S. M.","family":"Guruprasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Energy Technologies Dual Degree Program, Instituto Superior Tecnico and Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, CERIS at IST, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0414-9913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armando","family":"Carravetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Structure and Environmental Engineering, Universit\u00e0 di Napoli Federico II, Via Claudio, 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7464-8377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alban","family":"Kuriqi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Research and Innovatsion for Sustainability (CERIS), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Department of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6574-0857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar E.","family":"Coronado-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Hidr\u00e1ulica y Saneamiento Ambiental, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena 130001, Colombia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9674-5490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o F. P.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7072-5184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo J. Costa","family":"Branco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7043-3683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petra Amparo","family":"L\u00f3pez-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydraulic Engineering and Environmental Department, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.150180","article-title":"New indices system for quantifying the nexus between economic-social development, natural resources consumption, and environmental pollution in China during 1978\u20132018","volume":"804","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. 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