{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:01:59Z","timestamp":1760144519050,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,13]],"date-time":"2024-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/04292\/2020","UIDP\/04292\/2020","LA\/P\/0069\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04292\/2020","UIDP\/04292\/2020","LA\/P\/0069\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper aims to enhance the understanding of the littoralization process in mainland Portugal over a broad chronological framework. Littoralization is defined as the occupation and settlement of human communities along the coast. In this case, the analysis was based on the synchronic analysis of three chronologies: from the formation of Portugal to the settlement of the fountains (1096\u20131325); at the dawn of modernity, marked by the Portuguese expansion (1500\u20131524), with the first scientific census (1860); and in the present, with data from the last census (2021). The choice of chronology was dictated by the historical sources available and allowed us to check the trend of population dispersion both in terms of latitude and longitude, the latter being the analysis of the distance of the main population centers (counties) from the coast. In the first chronological segment, there is a \u201csafety distance\u201d from the exposed coastlines, which is gradually blurred over time until there is an impressive coastal demographic concentration in 2021, with around 80% of people settled within 50 km of the sea. So, the management of Portugal\u2019s territory is an unequivocal indicator of the Anthropocene even with the risks of the disappearance of some beaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w16081110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T03:56:13Z","timestamp":1713153373000},"page":"1110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Approach and Permanent Human Occupation of Mainland Portugal Coastal Zone (1096\u20132021)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6154-1589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Ros\u00e1rio","family":"Bastos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Sciences and Management, Aberta University, 4200-055 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CITCEM\u2014Transdisciplinary Research Centre Culture, Space and Memory, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Porto University, 4150-564 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5935-0932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oleg\u00e1rio Nelson Azevedo","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Antero","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CITCEM\u2014Transdisciplinary Research Centre Culture, Space and Memory, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Porto University, 4150-564 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Casa de Sarmento, University of Minho, Largo Martins Sarmento, 4800-432 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3713-0987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe","family":"Salgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CITCEM\u2014Transdisciplinary Research Centre Culture, Space and Memory, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Porto University, 4150-564 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Casa de Sarmento, University of Minho, Largo Martins Sarmento, 4800-432 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5497-2978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9rgio","family":"Lira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CLEPUL\u2014Centre for Lusophone and European Literatures and Cultures, University of Lisbon, Alameda da Universidade, 1600-214 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Green Lines Institute for Sustainable Development, Av. Alcaides De Faria 377 Sala 12, 4750-106 Barcelos, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Alveirinho","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMA\u2014Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Witze, A. (2024). Geologists reject the Anthropocene as Earth\u2019s new epoch\u2014After 15 years of debate. Nature, epub ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-024-00675-8"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Fressoz, J.B., and Bonneuil, C. (2016). The Shock of the Anthropocene the Earth, History and Us, Verso Books."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Silva, J.C.V.F. (2020). A Fun\u00e7\u00e3o do Mar No Desenvolvimento de Portugal: Uma An\u00e1lise Estrat\u00e9gica. 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