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Therefore, the understanding of groundwater ecosystem dynamics is crucial, with bacterial assemblages playing a major role in biogeochemical cycles. The present research describes a geospatial study targeting the bacterial community structure of groundwaters from the largest karst aquifer in Portugal (the Maci\u00e7o Calc\u00e1rio Estremenho), integrating hydrogeochemical and bacterial diversity data. A total of 22 samples were analyzed from a set of 11 geographically sparsely distributed groundwater sources in dry vs. wet seasons. The 16S rRNA gene barcoding data revealed bacterial community variability across samples in space and time. The phylum Proteobacteria was dominant across all samples (from 44 to 92% of total sequence reads), mainly represented by the classes Alphaproteobacteria (orders Sphingomonadales, BD7\u20133, Rhizobiales and Rhodospirillales), Betaproteobacteria (orders Burkholderiales, Rhodocyclales, Nitrosomonadales), Gammaproteobacteria (orders Pseudomonadales, Xanthomonadales, Alteromonadales, Legionellales) and Deltaproteobacteria (orders Myxococcales, Spirobacillales). Variation in the bacterial community was primarily attributed to parameters such as redox conditions (DO, ORP), Fe, Mn, SO4, PO4, Sr and Cl, but also some minor and trace elements (Al, V, Cr, Cu, Pb). Our results provide novel insights into bacterial diversity in relation to groundwater hydrogeochemistry. The strong dominance of OTUs related to bacterial taxa associated with nitrification\/denitrification also highlights a potentially important role of these assemblages on nutrients (nitrogen sources) and groundwater quality dynamics at this karstic aquifer system. Moreover, the integration of bacterial assemblages information is emphasized as central for water quality monitoring programs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w16131858","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T04:53:27Z","timestamp":1719809607000},"page":"1858","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bacterioplankton Community Diversity of a Portuguese Aquifer System (Maci\u00e7o Calc\u00e1rio Estremenho)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3760-4142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela R.","family":"de Figueiredo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology & CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies), University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5665-6744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria T.","family":"Condesso de Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability (CERIS), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Departamento de Engenharia de Recursos Minerais e Energ\u00e9ticos, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5422-1886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro P.","family":"Saraiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology & CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies), University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability (CERIS), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Departamento de Engenharia de Recursos Minerais e Energ\u00e9ticos, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8611-7183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana M. M.","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CFE\u2014Centre for Functional Ecology: Science for People & Planet, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4756-7034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Sofia P. S.","family":"Reboleira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c) & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, and Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Museu Nacional de Hist\u00f3ria Natural e da Ci\u00eancia, Universidade de Lisboa, Rua da Escola Polit\u00e9cnica, 1250-102 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3381-7677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana R. M.","family":"Pol\u00f3nia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology & CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies), University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0241-2896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nelson","family":"Abrantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology & CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies), University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6143-3390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel F. R.","family":"Cleary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology & CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies), University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1111\/fwb.12330","article-title":"Earlier and Warmer Springs Increase Cyanobacterial (Microcystis spp.) Blooms in Subtropical Lake Taihu, China","volume":"59","author":"Deng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Freshw. Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020WR029371","DOI":"10.1029\/2020WR029371","article-title":"Extreme Climate Anomalies Enhancing Cyanobacterial Blooms in Eutrophic Lake Taihu, China","volume":"57","author":"Qin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Resour. 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