{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T17:55:32Z","timestamp":1778003732837,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MinCiencias (Colombia)"},{"name":"project HY4RES (Hybrid Solutions for Renewable Energy Systems) EAPA0001\/2022 from the ERDF Interreg Atlantic Area Pro-Gramme 2021\u20132027"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Air exchange in pressurized water pipelines is an essential but complex aspect of pipeline modeling and operation. Implementing effective air management strategies can yield numerous benefits, enhancing the system\u2019s energy efficiency, reliability, and safety. This paper comprehensively evaluates an irregular profile pipeline filling procedure involving air-release through an air valve. The analysis includes real-time data tests and numerical simulations using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). A Digital Twin model was proposed and applied to filling maneuvers in water installations. In particular, this research considers an often-overlooked aspect, such as filling a pipe with an irregular profile rather than a simple straight pipe. CFD simulations have proven to capture the main features of the transient event, which are suitable for tracking the air-water interface, the unsteady water flow, and the evolution of the trapped air pocket. Thus, they provide thorough and reliable information for real-time operational processes in the industry, focusing on the filling pressure and geometry of the air-valve hydraulic system. Additionally, this study provides details regarding the application of an efficient Digital Twin CFD approach, demonstrating its feasibility in optimizing the filling procedure in pipes with irregular profiles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w16213015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T06:11:25Z","timestamp":1729577485000},"page":"3015","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Real-Time Analysis and Digital Twin Modeling for CFD-Based Air Valve Control During Filling Procedures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1448-9201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duban A.","family":"Paternina-Verona","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Universidad del Sin\u00fa, Cartagena 13001, Colombia"},{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Bol\u00edvar, Cartagena 131001, Colombia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6574-0857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar E.","family":"Coronado-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Hidr\u00e1ulica y Saneamiento Ambiental, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena 130001, Colombia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8316-7778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Modesto","family":"P\u00e9rez-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Hidr\u00e1ulica y Medio Ambiente, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9028-9711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena M.","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment Department, CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramos, H.M., Fuertes-Miquel, V.S., Tasca, E., Coronado-Hern\u00e1ndez, O.E., Besharat, M., Zhou, L., and Karney, B. (2022). Concerning Dynamic Effects in Pipe Systems with Two-Phase Flows: Pressure Surges, Cavitation, and Ventilation. Water, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/w14152376"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"John, H.B., and Dechant, D.A. (2014, January 3\u20136). Current Proposed Changes to AWWA M11 Steel Pipe: A Guide for Design and Installation. Proceedings of the Pipelines 2014: From Underground to the Forefront of Innovation and Sustainability, Portland, OR, USA."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1551-8833.2005.tb10892.x","article-title":"Hydraulic Transient Guidelines for Protecting Water Distribution Systems","volume":"97","author":"Boulos","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Water Work. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Crabtree, A., and Oliphant, K. (2024, September 10). Resistance of PE4710 Piping to Pressure Surge Events in Force Main Applications. 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