{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T19:00:02Z","timestamp":1767985202972,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The biosorption of heavy metals has become an attractive alternative to conventional methods and is considered feasible, environmentally friendly and often low-cost option. Five microorganisms (Rhodotorula sp., Cladosporium sp., Bacillus megaterium, Trichosporon sp. and Geotrichum sp.) were isolated from different environments and used for the biosorption of Cd(II) from aqueous solutions in batch mode to expand upon the existing studies and generate new data related to the main microorganisms that could be successfully applied to the removal of heavy metals from wastewaters. Considering a constant biosorbent dose (5 g\/L), pH (5.4) and temperature (25 \u00b0C) and varying contact times and initial pollutant concentrations, the process efficiency and uptake capacity of the biosorbents were assessed. Statistical analysis of the experimental results revealed that a contact time longer than 24 h did not significantly increase the uptake capacity or removal efficiency of Cd(II) by B. megaterium or Geotrichum sp., which means that the available binding sites on the cell wall immediately participate in the removal of metal ions. For the other three biosorbents, increasing the contact time from 24 h to 48 h led to a significant increase in the uptake capacity and removal efficiency. A comparison of the uptake values of each biosorbent revealed that Bacillus megaterium had the highest Cd(II) uptake capacity (8.53 mg\/g), followed by Trichosporon sp. (8.21 mg\/g). The lowest uptake capacity, as well as the lowest efficiency after 48 h of contact, was obtained for Geotrichum sp. (0.73 mg\/g and 14.97%, respectively). The results of the FTIR analysis revealed that almost all the functional groups were present on the surface of the biosorbent, but their involvement in Cd(II) biosorption differed from biosorbent to biosorbent. The phosphodiester, amide and hydroxyl groups found on the cell surface of Bacillus megaterium, Cladosporium sp., Rhodotorula sp. and Trichosporon sp. were the main groups involved in Cd(II) biosorption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w16243660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T03:59:43Z","timestamp":1734580783000},"page":"3660","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Evaluation of Microbial Biosorbents for Efficient Cd(II) Removal from Aqueous Solutions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1405-0848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihaela","family":"Ro\u0219ca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection \u201cCristofor Simionescu\u201d, Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, \u201cGheorghe Asachi\u201d Technical University of Iasi, 73 Prof. D. Mangeron Blvd., 700050 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Horticulture, Department of Horticultural Technologies, \u201cIon Ionescu de la Brad\u201d Iasi University of Life Sciences, 3 Mihail Sadoveanu Alley, 700490 Iasi, Romania"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Diaconu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection \u201cCristofor Simionescu\u201d, Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, \u201cGheorghe Asachi\u201d Technical University of Iasi, 73 Prof. D. Mangeron Blvd., 700050 Iasi, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2428-3669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raluca-Maria","family":"Hlihor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Horticulture, Department of Horticultural Technologies, \u201cIon Ionescu de la Brad\u201d Iasi University of Life Sciences, 3 Mihail Sadoveanu Alley, 700490 Iasi, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9237-3423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petronela","family":"Cozma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection \u201cCristofor Simionescu\u201d, Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, \u201cGheorghe Asachi\u201d Technical University of Iasi, 73 Prof. D. Mangeron Blvd., 700050 Iasi, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6575-7472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruna","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0549-5607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0663-0316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Gavrilescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection \u201cCristofor Simionescu\u201d, Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, \u201cGheorghe Asachi\u201d Technical University of Iasi, 73 Prof. D. Mangeron Blvd., 700050 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Academy of Romanian Scientists, 54 Splaiul Independentei, 050094 Bucharest, Romania"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2789","DOI":"10.30638\/eemj.2018.278","article-title":"Biosorption behavior of immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium for heavy metals removal","volume":"17","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.2478\/intox-2014-0009","article-title":"Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals","volume":"7","author":"Jaishankar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.30638\/eemj.2017.041","article-title":"Characterization of soil heavy metal contamination and potential ecological risk in the urban\u2013rural transition zone of Taiyuan City, China","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tavares, T., and Figueiredo, H. (2012). Biosorption of Heavy Metals\u2014New Perspectives. Bioremediation and Sustainability, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118371220.ch7"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.30638\/eemj.2022.132","article-title":"Toxic Metals and metalloids in farmland soil and cereals in an industrial-agricultural interaction region of China: Contamination, Sources and Risks","volume":"21","author":"Duan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2022, October 14). Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1\u2014IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans. Available online: https:\/\/monographs.iarc.who.int\/agents-classified-by-the-iarc\/."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2158244016634409","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244016634409","article-title":"Impact of cadmium polluted groundwater on human health: Winder, Balochistan","volume":"6","author":"Burke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sage Open"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-013-2210-9","article-title":"Cadmium exposure and liver disease among US adults","volume":"17","author":"Hyder","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1080\/00380768.2016.1159116","article-title":"Itai-Itai disease: Renal tubular osteomalacia induced by environmental exposure to cadmium\u2014Historical review and perspectives","volume":"62","author":"Aoshima","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Plant Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"135","article-title":"Cadmium toxicity and treatment: An update","volume":"8","author":"Rahimzadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Casp. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"107","article-title":"New Aspects of Cadmium as Endocrine Disruptor","volume":"13","author":"Takiguchi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.134666","article-title":"Cadmium in food: Source, distribution and removal","volume":"405","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jha, A.K., and Kumar, N. (2024). Cadmium in Environment\u2014An Overview. Cadmium Toxicity in Water: Challenges and Solutions, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-54005-9"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torres, P., Llopis, A.L., Melo, C.S., and Rodrigues, A. (2023). Environmental impact of cadmium in a volcanic archipelago: Research challenges related to a natural pollution source. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse11010100"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137585","article-title":"Environmental and human health risks from cadmium exposure near an active lead-zinc mine and a copper smelter, China","volume":"720","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2024, December 10). Monitoring and Preventing Industrial Pollution. Available online: https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/topics\/monitoring-and-preventing-industrial-pollution.html."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.15302\/J-FASE-2019273","article-title":"Cadmium pollution from phosphate fertilizers in arable soils and crops: An overview","volume":"6","author":"Zhuang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Agr. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2015.326","article-title":"Removal of Cd(II) ions from aqueous solution and industrial effluent using reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes","volume":"72","author":"Kheriji","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2003.10.011","article-title":"Cadmium electroplating wastewater treatment using a laboratory-scale electrodialysis system","volume":"37","author":"Marder","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"237","article-title":"Physico-chemical characterization of electroplating industrial effluents of Chandigarh and Haryana Region","volume":"6","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Civ. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2024, November 07). NTPA 002 NORMATIVE NTPA 002 on the \u201cConditions for the Discharge of Wastewater into the Sewerage Networks of the Settlements and Directly into the Treatment Plants\u201d|Decision 352\/2005, Romania. Available online: https:\/\/lege5.ro\/gratuit\/hezdanjq\/normativ-ntpa-002-privind-conditiile-de-evacuare-a-apelor-uzate-in-retelele-de-canalizare-ale-localitatilor-si-direct-in-statiile-de-epurare-hotarare-352-2005."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2024, November 07). NTPA 001 Regulation on the Establishment of Pollutant Load Limits for Waste Water Discharged into Water Resources \u201cNTPA\u2014001\u201d of 10.11.1997 Integral Part of Decision 730\/1997. Available online: https:\/\/lege5.ro\/Gratuit\/geytknbv\/normativul-privind-stabilirea-limitelor-de-incarcare-cu-poluanti-a-apelor-uzate-evacuate-in-resursele-de-apa-ntpa-001-din-10111997."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2024, December 18). European Environment Agency The European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR), Member States Reporting under Article 7 of Regulation (EC) No 166\/2006\u2014European Environment Agency. Available online: https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/data-and-maps\/data\/member-states-reporting-art-7-under-the-european-pollutant-release-and-transfer-register-e-prtr-regulation-10."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.30638\/eemj.2018.010","article-title":"Evaluation of copper and lead biosorption on modified Azolla pinnata (R. Br.)","volume":"17","author":"Barros","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dwt.2024.100446","article-title":"From classic to cutting-edge solutions: A comprehensive review of materials and methods for heavy metal removal from water environments","volume":"319","author":"Gahrouei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"2345","article-title":"Heavy metal sequestration from contaminated water: A review","volume":"9","author":"Chisti","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Environ. Sci"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"30","article-title":"Biosorption of heavy metals: A review","volume":"3","author":"Abbas","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chem. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3555","DOI":"10.3923\/jas.2011.3555.3562","article-title":"Study on biosorption of heavy metals by modified lignocellulosic waste","volume":"11","author":"Yeneneh","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bulgariu, L., and Gavrilescu, M. (2015). Bioremediation of Heavy Metals by Microalgae. Handbook of Marine Microalgae, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800776-1.00030-3"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cherd.2022.12.024","article-title":"New insights into the application of fungal biomass for chromium (VI) bioremoval from aqueous solutions using design of experiments and differential evolution based neural network approaches","volume":"190","author":"Hlihor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Res. Des."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2018.06.066","article-title":"Self-mediated pH changes in culture medium affecting biosorption and biomineralization of Cd2+ by Bacillus cereus Cd01","volume":"358","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.30638\/eemj.2022.059","article-title":"Investigation of cobalt(II) adsorption from aqueous solution using Genista albida as a low-cost adsorbent: Optimization based upon response surface methodology","volume":"21","author":"Uysal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.30638\/eemj.2023.091","article-title":"Mercury immobilization in mining waste soils using thiol-modified olive stones biochar","volume":"22","author":"Carbonel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1002\/elsc.200420026","article-title":"Removal of heavy metals from the environment by biosorption","volume":"4","author":"Gavrilescu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eng. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fulekar, M.H. (2010). Biosorption in Environmental Remediation. Bioremediation Technology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-3678-0"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filote, C., Ro\u0219ca, M., Hlihor, R.M., Cozma, P., Simion, I.M., Apostol, M., and Gavrilescu, M. (2021). Sustainable application of biosorption and bioaccumulation of persistent pollutants in wastewater treatment: Current practice. Processes, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr9101696"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"527","article-title":"Recent advances in biosorption of heavy metals: Support tools for biosorption equilibrium, kinetics and mechanism","volume":"2014","author":"Hlihor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Rou. Chim."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1515\/revic-2015-0003","article-title":"Advances in biosorption of microelements\u2014the starting point for the production of new agrochemicals","volume":"35","author":"Michalak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2017.01.044","article-title":"Biosorption of Ag(I) from aqueous solutions by Klebsiella sp. 3S1","volume":"329","author":"Ruiz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2008.11.002","article-title":"Biosorbents for heavy metals removal and their future","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cscee.2023.100576","article-title":"Determination of Heavy Metals Contamination, Risk Prediction and Antioxidant Properties of Anti-Malarial Herbal Mixture Sold in Kano State, Nigeria","volume":"9","author":"Babandi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Case Stud. Chem. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"163","article-title":"A Comparison of kinetic models applied for Cd(II) removal by S. cerevisiae","volume":"LVII","author":"Hlihor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull. Polytech. Inst. Iasi Sect. Chem. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbt.2014.08.003","article-title":"Experimental analysis and mathematical prediction of Cd(II) removal by biosorption using support vector machines and genetic algorithms","volume":"32","author":"Hlihor","year":"2015","journal-title":"New Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3184\/095422911X13103800616341","article-title":"Adsorption behaviour of cadmium by Bacillus cereus M116: Some physical and biochemical studies","volume":"23","author":"Ganguly","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Speciat. Bioavailab."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-006-0473-8","article-title":"Characterization of cadmium removal by Rhodotorula sp. Y11","volume":"73","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s40201-015-0176-0","article-title":"Highly cadmium tolerant fungi: Their tolerance and removal potential","volume":"13","author":"Soleimani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"77","article-title":"Metal resistance and uptake by Trichosporon asahii and Pichia kudriavzevii isolated from industrial effluents","volume":"44","author":"Ilyas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2006.09.051","article-title":"Metal tolerance and biosorption potential of filamentous fungi isolated from metal contaminated agricultural soil","volume":"98","author":"Zafar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosca, M., Cozma, P., and Gavrilescu, M. (2024). Mathematical Modeling of Microbial Bioremediation: A Key Step in Process Scale-Up. Biosorption Processes for Heavy Metal Removal, IGI Global.","DOI":"10.4018\/979-8-3693-1618-4.ch005"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"e01270","article-title":"Modeling and optimization of independent factors influencing lead(II) biosorption from aqueous systems: A statistical approach","volume":"16","author":"Bayuo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Afr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Long, M., Jiang, H., and Li, X. (2021). Biosorption of Cu2+, Pb2+, Cd2+ and their mixture from aqueous solutions by Michelia figo sawdust. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-91052-2"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saber, W.I.A., El-Naggar, N.E.-A., El-Hersh, M.S., El-khateeb, A.Y., Elsayed, A., Eldadamony, N.M., and Ghoniem, A.A. (2021). Rotatable central composite design versus artificial neural network for modeling biosorption of Cr6+ by the immobilized Pseudomonas alcaliphila NEWG-2. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81348-8"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Sharma, S. (2014). CHAPTER 15. Biosorption of Metals\u2014From the Basics to High Value Catalysts Production. Heavy Metals in Water, Royal Society of Chemistry."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2007.05.062","article-title":"Biosorption and Me","volume":"41","author":"Volesky","year":"2007","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1515\/gps-2016-0218","article-title":"Comparison of Rhodotorula sp. and Bacillus megaterium in the removal of cadmium ions from liquid effluents","volume":"7","author":"Hlihor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Green Process. Synth."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minu\u021b, M., Diaconu, M., Ro\u0219ca, M., Cozma, P., Bulgariu, L., and Gavrilescu, M. (2023). Screening of Azotobacter, Bacillus and Pseudomonas species as plant growth-promoting bacteria. Processes, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr11010080"},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Diaconu, M. (2016). Ecotoxicological Methods and Tests, Performantica Publishing House."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goswami, G., Hazarika, D.J., Chowdhury, N., Bora, S.S., Sarmah, U., Naorem, R.S., Boro, R.C., and Barooah, M. (2022). Proline confers acid stress tolerance to Bacillus megaterium G18. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-12709-0"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-007-1089-3","article-title":"Bacillus megaterium\u2014From Simple soil bacterium to industrial protein production host","volume":"76","author":"Vary","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1080\/10889868.2012.751961","article-title":"Biosorption of heavy metals (Cd2+, Cu2+, Co2+, and Mn2+) by thermophilic bacteria, Geobacillus thermantarcticus and Anoxybacillus amylolyticus: Equilibrium and kinetic studies","volume":"17","author":"Kilinc","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioremediation J."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1246\/bcsj.37.504","article-title":"The spectrophotometric determination of cadmium with xylenol orange","volume":"37","author":"Otomo","year":"1964","journal-title":"Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2022.129210","article-title":"Biosorption of Pb and Cd onto Polygonum Sachalinense","volume":"650","author":"Taguchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Xiao, Q., Shao, Q., Li, X., Kong, J., Liu, L., Zhao, Z., and Li, R. (2023). Adsorption of Cd (II) by a novel living and non-living Cupriavidus necator GX_5: Optimization, equilibrium and kinetic studies. BMC Chem., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13065-023-00977-4"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2013.05.022","article-title":"Biosorption of copper ions from aqueous solutions by Spirulina platensis biomass","volume":"7","author":"Elgaaly","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R\u00e1p\u00f3, E., and Tonk, S. (2021). Factors affecting synthetic dye adsorption; desorption studies: A review of results from the last five years (2017\u20132021). Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26175419"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.18331\/BRJ2019.6.2.2","article-title":"Towards sustainable development of microalgal biosorption for treating effluents containing heavy metals","volume":"6","author":"Salam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biofuel Res. J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zanetti, R., Zecchin, S., Colombo, M., Borgonovo, G., Mazzini, S., Scaglioni, L., Facchetti, G., Gandolfi, R., Rimoldi, I., and Cavalca, L. (2022). Ni2+ and Cu2+ Biosorption by EPS-Producing Serratia plymuthica strains and potential bio-catalysis of the organo\u2013metal complexes. Water, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/w14213410"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"wrae073","article-title":"Mechanisms and implications of bacterial\u2013fungal competition for soil resources","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Soc. Microb. Ecol. J."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahlangu, D., Mphahlele, K., De Paola, F., and Mthombeni, N.H. (2024). Microalgae-mediated biosorption for effective heavy metals removal from wastewater: A Review. Water, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/w16050718"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bioremediation of chromium by microorganisms and its mechanisms related to functional groups","volume":"2021","author":"Ayele","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"(2024, November 08). What Is ANOVA?. Available online: https:\/\/support.minitab.com\/en-us\/minitab\/help-and-how-to\/statistical-modeling\/anova\/supporting-topics\/basics\/what-is-anova\/."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s40090-015-0038-8","article-title":"Biosorption of heavy metals from aqueous solutions by Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"6","author":"Farhan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Ind. Chem."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2015.08.013","article-title":"Bioaccumulation and biosorption of Cd2+ and Zn2+ by bacteria isolated from a zinc mine in Thailand","volume":"122","author":"Limcharoensuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2012.12.040","article-title":"Biosorption of Cd(II)\/Pb(II) from aqueous solution by biosurfactant-producing bacteria: Isotherm kinetic characteristic and mechanism studies","volume":"105","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"48","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of a heavy-metal-resistant isolate of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv","volume":"67","author":"Morsy","year":"2012","journal-title":"viciae potentially applicable for biosorption of Cd2+ and Co2+. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.09.136","article-title":"Biosorption of heavy metals from industrial waste water by Geobacillus thermodenitrificans","volume":"175","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wri.2015.07.003","article-title":"Multicomponent isotherm for biosorption of Zn(II), Co(II) and Cd(II) from ternary mixture onto pretreated dried Aspergillus niger biomass","volume":"11","author":"Hajahmadi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Resour. Ind."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Hlihor, R.M., Diaconu, M., Figueiredo, H., Tavares, T., and Gavrilescu, M. (2010, January 16\u201318). Biosorption of Cadmium (II) Ions from Simulated Wastewaters by Dried Yeast Biomass. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems, Bucharest, Romania."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2023.127940","article-title":"Adsorption kinetics of Cd(II) from aqueous solutions onto live vs. dead biosorbents of Sphingomonas sp. GX_15","volume":"305","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.21608\/ejabf.2023.325679","article-title":"Biosorption of cadmium from polluted waters using dead biomass of the fungus Alternaria tenuissima and its toxicological effects on male albino rats","volume":"27","author":"Gouda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Aquat. Biolo. Fish"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaleem, M., Minhas, L.A., Hashmi, M.Z., Ali, M.A., Mahmoud, R.M., Saqib, S., Nazish, M., Zaman, W., and Samad Mumtaz, A. (2023). Biosorption of cadmium and lead by dry biomass of Nostoc sp. MK-11: Kinetic and isotherm study. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28052292"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14598","DOI":"10.1080\/19443994.2015.1065764","article-title":"Biosorption of cadmium from aqueous solutions by Trichoderma fungus: Kinetic, thermodynamic, and equilibrium study","volume":"57","author":"Bazrafshan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/s41742-019-00190-z","article-title":"Biosorption of cadmium from aqueous solution by free and immobilized dry biomass of Chlorella vulgaris","volume":"13","author":"Elbeltagy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2023.103122","article-title":"Potential application of Curtobacterium sp. GX_31 for efficient biosorption of cadmium: Isotherm and kinetic evaluation","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceja.2020.100043","article-title":"Optimization of cadmium and lead biosorption onto marine Vibrio alginolyticus PBR1 employing a Box-Behnken design","volume":"4","author":"Parmar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J. Adv."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124893","article-title":"Characterization of Cd2+ Biosorption by Pseudomonas sp.strain 375, a novel biosorbent isolated from soil polluted with heavy metals in Southern China","volume":"240","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2019.100323","article-title":"Evaluation of Cd(II) biosorption in aqueous solution by using lyophilized biomass of novel bacterial strain Bacillus badius AK: Biosorption kinetics, thermodynamics and mechanism","volume":"14","author":"Vishan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2023.02.010","article-title":"Unveiling the performance of a novel alkalizing bacterium Enterobacter sp. LYX-2 in immobilization of available Cd","volume":"137","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-021-02363-z","article-title":"Characterization of cadmium biosorption by inactive biomass of two cadmium-tolerant endophytic bacteria Microbacterium sp. D2-2 and Bacillus sp. C9-3","volume":"30","author":"Long","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Dong, X., Liu, X., Xu, X., Duan, W., Park, J., Gao, L., and Lu, Y. (2022). Comparative study on the adsorption characteristics of heavy metal ions by activated carbon and selected natural adsorbents. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su142315579"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nascimento, T.L.S., Oliveira, K.F.S., Junior, J.O.D., Pimenta, A.S., Melo, D.M.A., Melo, M.A.F., and Braga, R.M. (2024). Biosorption of nickel and cadmium using Pachira aquatica Aubl. peel biochar. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-54442-w"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dwt.2024.100523","article-title":"Unveiling the promise of biosorption for heavy metal removal from water sources","volume":"319","author":"Karnwal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Desalin. and Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Naggar, N.E.-A., Hamouda, R.A., Mousa, I.E., Abdel-Hamid, M.S., and Rabei, N.H. (2018). Statistical optimization for cadmium removal using Ulva Fasciata biomass: Characterization, immobilization and application for almost-complete cadmium removal from aqueous solutions. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30855-2"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2008.11.025","article-title":"Removal of Cd(II), Cr(VI), Fe(III) and Ni(II) from aqueous solutions by an E. coli biofilm supported on kaolin","volume":"149","author":"Quintelas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1080\/05704928.2016.1230863","article-title":"Advances in Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy of Biological Tissues","volume":"52","author":"Talari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Mar\u00edn, A.B., Ortu\u00f1o, J.F., Aguilar, M.I., Llor\u00e9ns, M., and Meseguer, V.F. (2024). Competitive effect of zinc and cadmium on the biosorption of chromium by orange waste. Processes, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr12010148"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kotrba, P., Mackova, M., and Macek, T. (2011). Magnetically Responsive Biocomposites for Inorganic and Organic Xenobiotics Removal. Microbial Biosorption of Metals, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-0443-5"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1021\/bp00033a001","article-title":"Biosorption of heavy metals","volume":"11","author":"Volesky","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Prog."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2010.06.023","article-title":"Kinetics and mechanism of dye biosorption onto an untreated antibiotic waste","volume":"262","year":"2010","journal-title":"Desalination"}],"container-title":["Water"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/16\/24\/3660\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:55:17Z","timestamp":1760115317000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/16\/24\/3660"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["w16243660"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/w16243660","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4441"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4441","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]}}}