{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T20:41:09Z","timestamp":1764794469609,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MINCIENCIAS","award":["22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper investigates air\u2013water interactions during a controlled filling process of an actual water pipeline using a two-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model. The main objectives are to understand the dynamic interaction of these fluids through water inflow patterns, pressure pulses, and air-pocket dynamics based on contours. This study uses an existing cast iron pipeline 485 m in length, a nominal diameter of 400 mm, and an air valve with a nominal diameter of 50 mm. The methodology of this CFD model includes the Partial Volume of Fluid (pVoF) method for air\u2013water interface tracking, a turbulence model, mesh sensitivity and numerical validation with pressure and velocity measurements. Results highlight the gradual pressurization of pipelines and air pocket behavior at critical points and show the thermodynamic interaction concerning heat transfer between gas and liquid. This study advances the application of CFD in actual water pipelines, offering a novel approach to air pocket management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w17020146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T04:54:08Z","timestamp":1736312048000},"page":"146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Two-Dimensional Analysis of Air\u2013Water Interaction in Actual Water Pipe-Filling Processes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1448-9201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duban A.","family":"Paternina-Verona","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Univesidad del Sin\u00fa, Cartagena 130014, Colombia"},{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Univesidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Bol\u00edvar, Cartagena 130001, Colombia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6574-0857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar E.","family":"Coronado-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Hidr\u00e1ulica y Saneamiento Ambiental, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena 130001, Colombia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3524-2555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicente S.","family":"Fuertes-Miquel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Hidr\u00e1ulica y Medio Ambiente, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6646-6757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfonso","family":"Arrieta-Pastrana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Hidr\u00e1ulica y Saneamiento Ambiental, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena 130001, Colombia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9028-9711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena M.","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering, Research and Innovation for Sustainability (CERIS), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramos, H.M., Fuertes-Miquel, V.S., Tasca, E., Coronado-Hern\u00e1ndez, O.E., Besharat, M., Zhou, L., and Karney, B. (2022). Concerning dynamic effects in pipe systems with two-phase flows: Pressure surges, cavitation, and ventilation. Water, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/w14152376"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1080\/1573062X.2019.1669188","article-title":"Hydraulic modeling during filling and emptying processes in pressurized pipelines: A literature review","volume":"16","year":"2019","journal-title":"Urban Water J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tasca, E., Besharat, M., Ramos, H.M., Luvizotto, E., and Karney, B. (2023). Contribution of air management to the energy efficiency of water pipelines. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15053875"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonilla-Correa, D.M., Coronado-Hern\u00e1ndez, \u00d3.E., Fuertes-Miquel, V.S., Besharat, M., and Ramos, H.M. (2023). 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