{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:40:03Z","timestamp":1759970403779,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cLa Caixa\u201d Foundation","award":["100010434","UIDB\/04423\/2020","UIDP\/04423\/2020","823860","CEECIND\/03767\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["100010434","UIDB\/04423\/2020","UIDP\/04423\/2020","823860","CEECIND\/03767\/2018"]}]},{"name":"CIIMAR Strategic Funding","award":["100010434","UIDB\/04423\/2020","UIDP\/04423\/2020","823860","CEECIND\/03767\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["100010434","UIDB\/04423\/2020","UIDP\/04423\/2020","823860","CEECIND\/03767\/2018"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["100010434","UIDB\/04423\/2020","UIDP\/04423\/2020","823860","CEECIND\/03767\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["100010434","UIDB\/04423\/2020","UIDP\/04423\/2020","823860","CEECIND\/03767\/2018"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","award":["100010434","UIDB\/04423\/2020","UIDP\/04423\/2020","823860","CEECIND\/03767\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["100010434","UIDB\/04423\/2020","UIDP\/04423\/2020","823860","CEECIND\/03767\/2018"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["100010434","UIDB\/04423\/2020","UIDP\/04423\/2020","823860","CEECIND\/03767\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["100010434","UIDB\/04423\/2020","UIDP\/04423\/2020","823860","CEECIND\/03767\/2018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Toxic cyanobacterial blooms are a growing environmental problem, persisting in freshwater bodies globally, and potentially hazardous to populations that rely on surface freshwater supplies. Nature-based solution units (NBSUs) are effective and sustainable approaches for water treatment, with sorption being an important process. The purpose of this study was to evaluate unmodified agro-based waste materials (rice husks, olive pulp pomace pellets (OP), cork granules) and the benchmark NBSU substrates (biochar, light expanded clay aggregate (LECA), and sand) for their microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and cylindrospermopsin (CYN) sorption potential. The kinetics and sorption mechanism of the two best sorbent materials were studied for future incorporation into NBSUs. Pre-screening of the sorbents showed highest sorption with biochar (&gt;86% MC-LR and &gt;98% CYN) and LECA (78% MC-LR and 80% CYN) and lower sorption with rice husk (&lt;10%), cork (&lt;10%), and sand (&lt;26%). Leaching from OP made them unsuitable for further use. The sorption of both the cyanotoxins onto biochar was rapid (8 h), whereas onto LECA it was steadier (requiring 48 h for equilibrium). The pseudo-second-order kinetic model fit the sorption of both cyanotoxins onto biochar and LECA (R2: 0.94\u20130.99), suggesting that the sorption rate is limited by chemisorption. The sorption of MC-LR and CYN to biochar and LECA fit the Freundlich and D\u2013R models better, suggesting multilayer sorption, high heterogeneity, and porosity in the sorbents (which was also confirmed by SEM\/EDS). The sorption capacity was observed to be higher for biochar (Kf: MC-LR = 0.05, CYN = 0.16) than LECA (Kf: MC-LR = 0.02, CYN = 0.01).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w17020285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T09:11:13Z","timestamp":1737364273000},"page":"285","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluating Agro-Based Waste Materials for Cyanotoxin Sorption for Future Incorporation in Nature-Based Solution Units (NBSUs)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1363-8084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guna","family":"Bavithra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Marinha e Ambiental, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S\/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3757-8143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Marinha e Ambiental, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S\/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4621-885X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Marinha e Ambiental, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S\/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6836-0331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C. Marisa R.","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Marinha e Ambiental, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S\/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, FCUP\u2014Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 790, 4150-171 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7131-9102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro N.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark"},{"name":"WATEC, Centre for Water Technology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.05.106","article-title":"Extraction and applications of cyanotoxins and other cyanobacterial secondary metabolites","volume":"183","author":"Haque","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"205","article-title":"Tropical cyanobacterial blooms: A review of prevalence, problem taxa, toxins and influencing environmental factors","volume":"74","author":"Mowe","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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