{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T15:03:50Z","timestamp":1769094230518,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["UIDB\/00511\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00511\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["UIDP\/00511\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00511\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["PD\/BD\/05480\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BD\/05480\/2021"]}]},{"name":"ALiCE","award":["UIDB\/00511\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00511\/2020"]}]},{"name":"ALiCE","award":["UIDP\/00511\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00511\/2020"]}]},{"name":"ALiCE","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"]}]},{"name":"ALiCE","award":["PD\/BD\/05480\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BD\/05480\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/00511\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00511\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDP\/00511\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00511\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["PD\/BD\/05480\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BD\/05480\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education and the European Social Fund (ESF) through the Human Capital Operational Programme (POCH)","award":["UIDB\/00511\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00511\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education and the European Social Fund (ESF) through the Human Capital Operational Programme (POCH)","award":["UIDP\/00511\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00511\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education and the European Social Fund (ESF) through the Human Capital Operational Programme (POCH)","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education and the European Social Fund (ESF) through the Human Capital Operational Programme (POCH)","award":["PD\/BD\/05480\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BD\/05480\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The growing and unprecedented water crisis leads to the need to find alternative water resources, and the reuse of treated urban wastewater is an excellent approach. Accordingly, in this work, the disinfection of a secondary effluent (W) discharged from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) by hydrogen peroxide combined with radiation (H2O2+UV\/visible) was studied with the aim of obtaining treated water that can be reused. Firstly, the effect of hydrogen peroxide alone, radiation per se and the combined H2O2+UV\/Visible process in the inactivation of enterobacteria were assessed. It was found that the oxidant alone is not efficient; the maximum inactivation is achieved when the oxidant and radiation are used simultaneously. For the first time, the effect of some operational parameters, namely the hydrogen peroxide concentration (between 50 and 125 mg\/L), initial pH (from 5.0 to 7.0), temperature (between 15 and 25 \u00b0C), and radiation intensity (100 to 500 W\/m2), on the efficiency of the disinfection process was assessed. When the process was carried out under the best operating conditions found ([H2O2] = 75 mg\/L, pH = 5.0, T = 25 \u00b0C, and UV\/visible light with I = 500 W\/m2), total enterobacteria and total heterotrophs were inactivated and the abundance of the 16S rRNA, blaTEM, qnrS, and intl1 genes was reduced. The cultivable microorganisms grew again after 3 days of storing the treated wastewater (TW), making it impossible to reuse such effluent after storage. Therefore, the potential capacity of a diverse bacterial community present in river water to inhibit the regrowth of potentially harmful bacteria present in the urban secondary wastewater after the application of the treatment process was also evaluated. To the authors\u2019 knowledge, this has never been studied before. For this purpose, the TW was diluted with river water (R) at a volumetric percentage of 50\/50\u2014sample R+TW. It was found that, after storage, only the total heterotrophs grew, while the abundance of the targeted genes remained practically constant. The R+TW sample after storage met the legal limits for reuse in urban and agricultural applications. The results of this study suggest that the combination of the H2O2+UV\/visible radiation treatment with dilution of the final treated effluent with natural surface water can contribute to reducing the burden of water scarcity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w17040596","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T05:34:26Z","timestamp":1739943266000},"page":"596","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Disinfection of Secondary Urban Wastewater Using Hydrogen Peroxide Combined with UV\/Visible Radiation: Effect of Operating Conditions and Assessment of Microorganism Competition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ana L. R.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE ALiCE, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Ribeirinho-Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE ALiCE, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1893-5467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis M.","family":"Madeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE ALiCE, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Olga C.","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE ALiCE, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0920-714X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen S. D.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE ALiCE, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.122275","article-title":"Inactivation of water pathogens with solar photo-activated persulfate oxidation","volume":"381","author":"Ferreira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.131235","article-title":"Chelating agents supported solar photo-Fenton and sunlight\/H2O2 processes for pharmaceuticals removal and resistant pathogens inactivation in quaternary treatment for urban wastewater reuse","volume":"452","author":"Iannece","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fatta-Kassinos, D., Dionysiou, D.D., and K\u00fcmmerer, K. (2016). Scope of the Book Wastewater Reuse and Current Challenges. Wastewater Reuse and Current Challenges, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-23892-0"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.124383","article-title":"Investigating the impact of UV-C\/H2O2 and sunlight\/H2O2 on the removal of antibiotics, antibiotic resistance determinants and toxicity present in urban wastewater","volume":"388","author":"Michael","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.01.032","article-title":"Urban wastewater treatment plants as hotspots for antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes spread into the environment: A review","volume":"447","author":"Rizzo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.3390\/applmicrobiol4010025","article-title":"Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria across a Wastewater Treatment Plant","volume":"4","author":"Godinho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2038","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.4.2038-2043.2003","article-title":"Chlorination of Indicator Bacteria and Viruses in Primary Sewage Effluent","volume":"69","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2011.02.026","article-title":"Inactivation and reactivation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria by chlorination in secondary effluents of a municipal wastewater treatment plant","volume":"45","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-8524(99)00086-3","article-title":"Inactivation of indicator bacteria in wastewater by chlorine\u2014A kinetics study","volume":"72","author":"Hassen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(01)00298-6","article-title":"Wastewater disinfection by ozone: Main parameters for process design","volume":"36","author":"Xu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.05.025","article-title":"Continuous ozonation of urban wastewater: Removal of antibiotics, antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli and antibiotic resistance genes and phytotoxicity","volume":"159","author":"Iakovides","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1080\/01919510008547215","article-title":"Wastewater Disinfection by Ozone: Influence of Water Quality and Kinetics Modeling","volume":"22","author":"Janex","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ozone Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2005.01.021","article-title":"Inactivation of enteric microorganisms with chemical disinfectants, UV irradiation and combined chemical\/UV treatments","volume":"39","author":"Koivunen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-8524(99)00179-0","article-title":"UV disinfection of treated wastewater in a large-scale pilot plant and inactivation of selected bacteria in a laboratory UV device","volume":"74","author":"Hassen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2010.02.003","article-title":"Effect of pre- and post-UV disinfection conditions on photoreactivation of fecal coliforms in wastewater effluents","volume":"44","author":"Hallmich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2007.02.004","article-title":"Effects of experimental conditions on E. coli survival during solar photocatalytic water disinfection","volume":"189","author":"Sichel","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2632","DOI":"10.1007\/s12205-016-0416-6","article-title":"Comparison of solar\/H2O2 and solar photo-fenton processes for the disinfection of domestic wastewaters","volume":"20","author":"Topac","year":"2016","journal-title":"KSCE J. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.03.071","article-title":"Catalyst-free activation of persulfate by visible light for water disinfection: Efficiency and mechanisms","volume":"157","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2553","DOI":"10.1039\/D0EW00279H","article-title":"UVC-based advanced oxidation processes for simultaneous removal of microcontaminants and pathogens from simulated municipal wastewater at pilot plant scale","volume":"6","author":"Aquino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Water Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-021-09481-1","article-title":"Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water and Wastewater Viral Disinfection. A Systematic Review","volume":"13","author":"Kokkinos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Environ. Virol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3894(01)00371-5","article-title":"Comparing the performance of various advanced oxidation processes for treatment of acetone contaminated water","volume":"92","author":"Hernandez","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821674","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/821674","article-title":"Recent developments in homogeneous advanced oxidation processes for water and wastewater treatment","volume":"2014","author":"Muruganandham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Photoenergy"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3287616","article-title":"DNA Damage and Oxygen Radical Toxicity","volume":"240","author":"Imlay","year":"1988","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2024.114562","article-title":"Inactivation of Acanthamoeba and its endosymbiont bacteria by the combination of solar light with H2O2","volume":"431","author":"Menacho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2017.12.058","article-title":"Disinfection of secondary effluents by O3, O3\/H2O2 and UV\/H2O2: Influence of carbonate, nitrate, industrial contaminants and regrowth","volume":"6","author":"Malvestiti","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144320","article-title":"Simultaneous removal of contaminants of emerging concern and pathogens from urban wastewater by homogeneous solar driven advanced oxidation processes","volume":"766","author":"Maniakova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4448","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b06097","article-title":"Inactivation of Escherichia coli, Bacteriophage MS2, and Bacillus Spores under UV\/H2O2 and UV\/Peroxydisulfate Advanced Disinfection Conditions","volume":"50","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miralles-Cuevas, S., De la Obra, I., Gualda-Alonso, E., Soriano-Molina, P., Casas L\u00f3pez, J.L., and S\u00e1nchez P\u00e9rez, J.A. (2021). Simultaneous Disinfection and Organic Microcontaminant Removal by UVC-LED-Driven Advanced Oxidation Processes. Water, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/w13111507"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2012.08.024","article-title":"Solar disinfection of wastewater to reduce contamination of lettuce crops by Escherichia coli in reclaimed water irrigation","volume":"46","author":"Bichai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2014.10.043","article-title":"Urban wastewater disinfection for agricultural reuse: Effect of solar driven AOPs in the inactivation of a multidrug resistant E. coli strain","volume":"178","author":"Ferro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11096","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b02613","article-title":"Cross-Contamination of Residual Emerging Contaminants and Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria in Lettuce Crops and Soil Irrigated with Wastewater Treated by Sunlight\/H2O2","volume":"49","author":"Ferro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.133102","article-title":"Effect of microplastics on urban wastewater disinfection and impact on effluent reuse: Sunlight\/H2O2 vs solar photo-Fenton at neutral pH","volume":"465","author":"Adeel","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.4021","article-title":"Evaluation of UV\/H2O2 on the disinfection and treatment of municipal secondary effluents for water reuse","volume":"88","author":"Souza","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2016.02.003","article-title":"Photocatalytic ozonation of urban wastewater and surface water using immobilized TiO2 with LEDs: Micropollutants, antibiotic resistance genes and estrogenic activity","volume":"94","author":"Moreira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2014.226","article-title":"Using the class 1 integron-integrase gene as a proxy for anthropogenic pollution","volume":"9","author":"Gillings","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2006.00190.x","article-title":"Development of a real-time PCR assay for monitoring anaerobic fungal and cellulolytic bacterial populations within the rumen","volume":"58","author":"Denman","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.05.040","article-title":"Bacterial lineages putatively associated with the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes in a full-scale urban wastewater treatment plant","volume":"118","author":"Rocha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117932","article-title":"Overgrowth control of potentially hazardous bacteria during storage of ozone treated wastewater through natural competition","volume":"209","author":"Moreira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq167","article-title":"Quantitative multiplex real-time PCR for detecting class 1, 2 and 3 integrons","volume":"65","author":"Barraud","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2006.04.017","article-title":"Effect of river landscape on the sediment concentrations of antibiotics and corresponding antibiotic resistance genes (ARG)","volume":"40","author":"Pei","year":"2006","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03409-12","article-title":"Real-Time PCR assays for quantification of qnr genes in environmental water samples and chicken feces","volume":"79","author":"Marti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4785","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00252-07","article-title":"Impact of three ampicillin dosage regimens on selection of ampicillin resistance in Enterobacteriaceae and excretion of blaTEM genes in swine feces","volume":"73","author":"Bibbal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Rice, E.W., Baird, R.B., and Eato, A.D. (2017). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation. [23rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"ASTM (1973). Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part 23: Water; Atmospheric Analysis, American Society for Testing and Materials."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1","article-title":"PAST: Paleontological Statistics Software Package for Education and Data Analysis","volume":"4","author":"Hammer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Palaeontol. Electron."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1021\/cr00018a003","article-title":"Photochemical processes for water treatment","volume":"93","author":"Legrini","year":"1993","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"EUR-Lex (2025, February 09). Regulation (EU) 2020\/741 of the European Parliament and the Council of 25 May 2020 on Minimum Requirements for Water Reuse. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2020\/741\/oj\/eng."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"FAOLEX (2025, February 09). Decree-Law No. 119\/2019 Estalishing the Legal Scheme of the Production of Water for Reuse. Repub. Diary No. 159\/2019, Ser. I 2019\u201308-21. Available online: https:\/\/diariodarepublica.pt\/dr\/detalhe\/decreto-lei\/119-2019-124097549."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2006.03.022","article-title":"Chemical oxidation with hydrogen peroxide for domestic wastewater treatment","volume":"119","author":"Ksibi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a123168","article-title":"Maintenance of a neutral cytoplasmic pH is not obligatory for growth of Escherichia coli and Streptococcus faecalis at an alkaline pH","volume":"108","author":"Mugikura","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1997.tb10238.x","article-title":"Acid stress responses in enterobacteria","volume":"147","author":"Bearson","year":"1997","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10643380500326564","article-title":"Advanced Oxidation Processes for Organic Contaminant Destruction Based on the Fenton Reaction and Related Chemistry","volume":"36","author":"Pignatello","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3223","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.5679","article-title":"Dye-containing Wastewater Treatment by Photo-Assisted Wet Peroxidation using Au Nanosized Catalysts","volume":"93","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2023.119486","article-title":"Catalyst-free persulfate activation by UV\/visible radiation for secondary urban wastewater disinfection","volume":"348","author":"Calaixo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"619","article-title":"Disinfection of real and simulated urban wastewater effluents using a mild solar photo-Fenton","volume":"150\u2013151","author":"Mosteo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120966","article-title":"Urban wastewater disinfection by iron chelates mediated solar photo-Fenton: Effects on seven pathogens and antibiotic resistance transfer potential","volume":"249","author":"Mamma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"3260","article-title":"Factorial experimental design applied to Escherichia coli disinfection by Fenton and photo-Fenton processes","volume":"11","author":"Mosteo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.127989","article-title":"Application of iron-activated persulfate for municipal wastewater disinfection","volume":"426","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.115028","article-title":"Disinfection of treated urban effluents for reuse by combination of coagulation\/flocculation and Fenton processes","volume":"218","author":"Lopes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Reseracher."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2023.109839","article-title":"Water disinfection by persulfate activation using a nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide\u2013PVDF membrane","volume":"11","author":"Marrero","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."}],"container-title":["Water"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/17\/4\/596\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:37:37Z","timestamp":1760027857000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/17\/4\/596"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["w17040596"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/w17040596","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4441"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4441","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]]}}}