{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T12:49:43Z","timestamp":1763988583970,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia I.P. (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/04625\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04625\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fishways are an important solution for mitigating the ecological impacts of river barriers, with their hydrodynamics playing a key role in their effectiveness. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is now one of the main tools to predict and characterize flow hydrodynamics, but choosing the most suitable turbulence model is considered one of its main challenges. Although substantial research has been carried out on vertical slot fishways, where the flow is predominantly two-dimensional, studies on pool-type fishways with bottom orifices remain scarce. In this study, three Reynolds averaged Navier\u2013Stokes (RANS) turbulence models (the standard k-\u03b5 model, the renormalized group k-\u03b5 (RNG) model, and the standard k-\u03c9 model) and the large-eddy simulation (LES) model performances were compared to simulating the flow in a pool-type fishway with bottom orifices. ADV and PIV experimental data were used to assess model performance. While all the turbulence models accurately predicted the discharges and flow depths, the LES model outperformed the others in reproducing flow patterns, velocities, and turbulent kinetic energy. The RNG model also showed reasonable agreement with the experimental data. By contrast, the k-\u03b5 model delivered the poorest performance, failing to accurately predict the sizes of the recirculation zones and the locations of the recirculation axis and presenting the weakest agreement with the experimental observations. The value of the LES model in studying and characterizing fishway hydrodynamics, particularly concerning turbulence parameters, is highlighted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w17050686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T05:13:58Z","timestamp":1740633238000},"page":"686","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Comparative Assessment of Reynolds Averaged Navier\u2013Stokes and Large-Eddy Simulation Models: Choosing the Best for Pool-Type Fishway Flow Simulations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7854-6850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana L.","family":"Quaresma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3811-775X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe","family":"Rom\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1423-5391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio N.","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1002\/aqc.3950","article-title":"Bidirectional Connectivity in Fishways: A Mitigation for Impacts on Fish Migration of Small Hydropower Facilities","volume":"33","author":"Makrakis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149105","article-title":"Major Threats to European Freshwater Fish Species","volume":"797","author":"Costa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2011.07.004","article-title":"The Development of Fish Passage Research in a Historical Context","volume":"48","author":"Katopodis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2011.03.006","article-title":"Ecohydraulics of Pool-Type Fishways: Getting Past the Barriers","volume":"48","author":"Santos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1002\/rra.1363","article-title":"Effects of Water Velocity and Turbulence on the Behaviour of Iberian Barbel (Luciobarbus Bocagei, Steindachner 1864) in an Experimental Pool-type Fishway","volume":"27","author":"Silva","year":"2011","journal-title":"River Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2012.04.015","article-title":"Cyprinid Swimming Behaviour in Response to Turbulent Flow","volume":"44","author":"Silva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, J., Tao, L., Gao, Z., Dai, H., and Shi, X. (2018). Modeling Fish Movement Trajectories in Relation to Hydraulic Response Relationships in an Experimental Fishway. Water, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/w10111511"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2018.12.002","article-title":"Effects of Turbulence and Velocity on the Movement Behaviour of Bighead Carp (Hypophthalmichthys Nobilis) in an Experimental Vertical Slot Fishway","volume":"127","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Deutscher Verband f\u00fcr Wasserwirtschaft und Kulturbau (DVWK) (2002). Fish Passes: Design, Dimensions and Monitoring, FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations)."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"03117001","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001288","article-title":"Turbulence Modeling and Simulation in Hydraulics: A Historical Review","volume":"143","author":"Rodi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hydraul. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s10652-010-9188-6","article-title":"Laboratory Measurements and Multi-Block Numerical Simulations of the Mean Flow and Turbulence in the Non-Aerated Skimming Flow Region of Steep Stepped Spillways","volume":"11","author":"Bombardelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1002\/rra.4064","article-title":"Numerical Study of the Effect of a V-shaped Weir on Turbulence Characteristics and Velocity in V-weir Fishways","volume":"39","author":"Shahabi","year":"2023","journal-title":"River Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compfluid.2012.08.004","article-title":"Numerical Study of the Thunniform Mode of Fish Swimming with Different Reynolds Number and Caudal Fin Shape","volume":"68","author":"Chang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compfluid.2015.08.025","article-title":"Turbulent Pipe Flow at Re\u03c4 \u2248 1000: A Comparison of Wall-Resolved Large-Eddy Simulation, Direct Numerical Simulation and Hot-Wire Experiment","volume":"122","author":"Chin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010WR010018","DOI":"10.1029\/2010WR010018","article-title":"Structure of Turbulent Flow at a River Confluence with Momentum and Velocity Ratios Close to 1: Insight Provided by an Eddy-resolving Numerical Simulation","volume":"47","author":"Constantinescu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advwatres.2009.11.001","article-title":"Calculation of Primary and Secondary Flow and Boundary Shear Stresses in a Meandering Channel","volume":"33","author":"Stoesser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Water Resour."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compfluid.2015.10.006","article-title":"Swimming Performance and Vorticity Structures of a Mother\u2013Calf Pair of Fish","volume":"124","author":"Tian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Z\u00f6schg, H., Dobler, W., Aufleger, M., and Zeiringer, B. (2023). Evaluation of Hydraulics and Downstream Fish Migration at Run-of-River Hydropower Plants with Horizontal Bar Rack Bypass Systems by Using CFD. Water, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/w15061042"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/24705357.2024.2363770","article-title":"Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation of Passive Downstream Fish Passage over a Weir with OpenFOAM\u00ae","volume":"10","author":"Kaminski","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Ecohydraulics"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2021.106207","article-title":"Hydraulic Design Criteria of the Modified Meander C-Type Fishway Using the Combined Experimental and CFD Models","volume":"164","author":"Baharvand","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-008-9413-1","article-title":"Numerical Flow Simulation of Pool-Type Fishways: New Ways with Well-Known Tools","volume":"609","author":"Heimerl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rom\u00e3o, F., Quaresma, A.L., Sim\u00e3o, J., Bravo-C\u00f3rdoba, F.J., Viseu, T., Santos, J.M., Sanz-Ronda, F.J., and Pinheiro, A.N. (2024). Debating the Rules: An Experimental Approach to Assess Cyprinid Passage Performance Thresholds in Vertical Slot Fishways. Water, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/w16030439"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-008-9416-y","article-title":"Topologies and Measurements of Turbulent Flow in Vertical Slot Fishways","volume":"609","author":"Tarrade","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9429(1999)125:4(351)","article-title":"Structure of Flow in Vertical Slot Fishway","volume":"125","author":"Wu","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Hydraul. Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/24705357.2020.1856007","article-title":"A Biologically Based Measure of Turbulence Intensity for Predicting Fish Passage Behaviours","volume":"9","author":"Syms","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ecohydraulics"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/24705357.2024.2363772","article-title":"Computational Fluid Dynamics in Fishway Research\u2014A Systematic Review on Upstream Fish Passage Solutions","volume":"10","author":"Tarena","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ecohydraulics"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Chen, C., and Jaw, S. (1998). Fundamentals of Turbulence Modeling, Taylor & Francis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compfluid.2011.01.009","article-title":"A Comparative Study of Turbulence Models Performance for Separating Flow in a Planar Asymmetric Diffuser","volume":"44","author":"Hamed","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Wilcox, D.C. (1994). Turbulence-Modeling-for-CFD, DCW Industries."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jher.2016.05.005","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Simulation and Experimental Study for Optimising a Vertical Slot Fishway","volume":"12","author":"An","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hydro-Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aminalipour, M., Mehraein, M., Esmaeili, M., and Mohajeri, S.H. (2024). Improvement of the Hydraulic Performance of Vertical Slot Fishway Type VI Using Unsubmerged Plates. Iran. J. Sci. Technol. Trans. Civ. Eng.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40996-024-01614-3"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/0045-7930(94)E0004-H","article-title":"Evaluation of the Performance of Three Turbulence Closure Models in the Prediction of Confined Swirling Flows","volume":"24","author":"Sharif","year":"1995","journal-title":"Comput. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01061452","article-title":"Renormalization Group Analysis of Turbulence. I. Basic Theory","volume":"1","author":"Yakhot","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Sci. Comput."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01060210","article-title":"The Renormalization Group, the?-Expansion and Derivation of Turbulence Models","volume":"7","author":"Yakhot","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Sci. Comput."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flow Science, Inc. (2016). Flow Science FLOW-3D Version 11.2 User Manual, Flow Science, Inc.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1365-6937(16)30086-7"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compfluid.2012.10.020","article-title":"Evaluation of Turbulence Models to Predict Airflow and Ammonia Concentrations in a Scale Model Swine Building Enclosure","volume":"71","author":"Tong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compfluid.2009.12.003","article-title":"Advances and Challenges of Applied Large-Eddy Simulation","volume":"39","author":"Bouffanais","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cja.2014.12.007","article-title":"Large-Eddy Simulation: Past, Present and the Future","volume":"28","author":"Zhiyin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Aeronaut."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/6\/1\/035","article-title":"Ten Questions Concerning the Large-Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Flows","volume":"6","author":"Pope","year":"2004","journal-title":"New J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bates, P.D., Lane, S.N., and Ferguson, R.I. (2005). Computational Fluid Dynamics: Applications in Environmental Hydraulics, John Wiley& Sons, Ltd.. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/0470015195"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s10652-018-9634-4","article-title":"Turbulent Flow over a D-Section Bluff Body: A Numerical Benchmark","volume":"19","author":"Lacey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2017.01.042","article-title":"A Case Study of a Pool and Weir Fishway Modeled with OpenFOAM and FLOW-3D","volume":"103","author":"Duguay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2017.09.011","article-title":"3D Modelling of Non-Uniform and Turbulent Flow in Vertical Slot Fishways","volume":"99","author":"Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Venkatakrishnan, L., Majumdar, S., Subramanian, G., Bhat, G.S., Dasgupta, R., and Arakeri, J. (2021). Modeling of Flow in a Weir and Pool Fishway with Orifices for Optimizing the Fishway Design. Proceedings of 16th Asian Congress of Fluid Mechanics, Bangalore, India, 13\u201317 December 2019, Springer Singapore. Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1337","article-title":"Flow Features in a Pooled Fishway with V-Shaped Weir Formation","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Comput. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, S., Yang, J., and Ansell, A. (2022). Evaluation of Pool-Type Fish Passage with Labyrinth Weirs. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14031098"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bravo-C\u00f3rdoba, F.J., Fuentes-P\u00e9rez, J.F., Garc\u00eda-Vega, A., Pe\u00f1as, F.J., Barqu\u00edn, J., and Sanz-Ronda, F.J. (2022). Brown Trout Upstream Passage Performance for a Fishway with Water Drops between Pools beyond Fish Passage Design Recommendations. Water, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/w14172750"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, Z., Lian, X., Bai, F., Hao, D., Li, D., and Fang, Z. (2023). Response of Upstream Behavior and Hydrodynamic Factors of Anguilla Japonica in a Combined Bulkhead Fishway Under Tidal Conditions. Water, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/w15142585"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abad, J., Waratuke, A., Barnas, C., and Garcia, M. (2009, January 17\u201321). Hydraulic Model Study of Canoe Chute and Fish Passage for the Chicago River North Branch Dam. Proceedings of the World Environmental and Water Resources Congress, Great Rivers, Kansas City, MI, USA.","DOI":"10.1061\/41036(342)314"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Wang, F., Yang, J., and Yu, P. (2022). Modelling the Hydraulic Characteristics of Diaphragm Fishways and the Effects on Fish Habitats. Front. Environ. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2022.977295"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quaresma, A., and Pinheiro, A. (2021). Modelling of Pool-Type Fishways Flows: Efficiency and Scale Effects Assessment. Water, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/w13060851"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9429(2007)133:2(160)","article-title":"Application of Several Depth-Averaged Turbulence Models to Simulate Flow in Vertical Slot Fishways","volume":"133","author":"Cea","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hydraul. Eng."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1002\/rra.3428","article-title":"Effects of Bed Slope on the Flow Field of Vertical Slot Fishways","volume":"35","author":"Quaranta","year":"2019","journal-title":"River Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"12293","article-title":"Pool-Type Fishway with Orifices: 3D Numerical Simulation of the Flow","volume":"7","author":"Rossi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Multidiscip. Eng. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1080\/00221686.2016.1275051","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of Particle Image Velocimetry and Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry in Relation to a Pool-Type Fishway Flow","volume":"55","author":"Quaresma","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hydraul. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2016.02.018","article-title":"Performance Assessment of OpenFOAM and FLOW-3D in the Numerical Modeling of a Low Reynolds Number Hydraulic Jump","volume":"80","author":"Bayon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1080\/00221686.2016.1211185","article-title":"A Study of Turbulent Flow in Large-Scale Porous Media at High Reynolds Numbers. Part II: Flow Physics","volume":"54","author":"Ferdos","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hydraul. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9429(2001)127:8(640)","article-title":"Flow over Ogee Spillway: Physical and Numerical Model Case Study","volume":"127","author":"Savage","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Hydraul. Eng."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2014.06.002","article-title":"Restoring Riffle-Pool Structure in an Incised, Straightened Urban Stream Channel Using an Ecohydraulic Modeling Approach","volume":"78","author":"Schwartz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1139\/cjce-2014-0436","article-title":"Numerical Study of an Innovative Fish Ladder Design for Perched Culverts","volume":"43","author":"Duguay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. J. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2012.06.013","article-title":"Improvement of Fish Passage in Culverts Using CFD","volume":"47","author":"Feurich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2021.106446","article-title":"OpenFOAM vs FLOW-3D: A Comparative Study of Vertical Slot Fishway Modelling","volume":"174","author":"Quaresma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s12205-012-0010-5","article-title":"A Numerical Study on Hydraulic Characteristics in the Ice Harbor-Type Fishway","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"KSCE J. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1002\/rra.2931","article-title":"Modelling Whitewater Park Hydraulics and Fish Habitat in Colorado","volume":"32","author":"Kolden","year":"2016","journal-title":"River Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Hirt, C., and Sicilian, J. (1985, January 24\u201327). A Porosity Technique for the Definition of Obstacles in Rectangular Cell Meshes. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference Numerical Ship Hydrodynamics, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9991(81)90145-5","article-title":"Volume of Fluid (VOF) Method for the Dynamics of Free Boundaries","volume":"39","author":"Hirt","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Comput. Phys."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Barkhudarov, M. (2004). Multi-Block Gridding Technique for FLOW-3D (Revised), Flow Science Inc.. Flow Science Technical Note #59-R2, FSI-00-TN59-R2."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Yao, G.F. (2004). Development of New Pressure-Velocity Solvers in FLOW-3, Flow Science Inc.. Flow Science Technical Note, FSI-04-TN68."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"1349","article-title":"Templates for the Solution of Linear Systems: Building Blocks for Iterative Methods","volume":"64","author":"Barrett","year":"1994","journal-title":"Math. Comput."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Douglas, J.F., Gasiorek, J.M., and Swaffield, J.A. (2001). Fluid Mechanics, Pearson Education Limited. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"078001","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2960953","article-title":"Procedure for Estimation and Reporting of Uncertainty Due to Discretization in CFD Applications","volume":"130","author":"Celik","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Fluids Eng."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1990201","article-title":"Index of Resolution Quality for Large Eddy Simulations","volume":"127","author":"Celik","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Fluids Eng."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/13241583.2009.11465360","article-title":"Verification of a Numerical Model for the Prediction of Low Slope Vertical Slot Fishway Hydraulics","volume":"13","author":"Barton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Australas. J. Water Resour."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2010.06.013","article-title":"Influence of Pool Geometry on the Biological Efficiency of Vertical Slot Fishways","volume":"36","author":"Puertas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2017.07.008","article-title":"Study on Flow Characteristics in Vertical Slot Fishways Regarding Slot Layout Optimization","volume":"107","author":"Novak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2013.12.010","article-title":"Field and Numerical Assessment of Turning Pool Hydraulics in a Vertical Slot Fishway","volume":"63","author":"Marriner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1002\/rra.3193","article-title":"Turbulent Flow Field Comparison and Related Suitability for Fish Passage of a Standard and a Simplified Low-gradient Vertical Slot Fishway","volume":"33","author":"Quaranta","year":"2017","journal-title":"River Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.2419","article-title":"A Refined Index of Model Performance","volume":"32","author":"Willmott","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04022025","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0001682","article-title":"Turbulent Flow in a Central Vertical Slot Fishway: Numerical Assessment with RANS and LES Schemes","volume":"148","author":"Santos","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Irrig. Drain. Eng."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jweia.2003.08.001","article-title":"A Comparison of Large Eddy Simulations with a Standard k\u2013\u03b5 Reynolds-Averaged Navier\u2013Stokes Model for the Prediction of a Fully Developed Turbulent Flow over a Matrix of Cubes","volume":"91","author":"Cheng","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010WR010114","DOI":"10.1029\/2010WR010114","article-title":"The Structure of Turbulent Flow in an Open Channel Bend of Strong Curvature with Deformed Bed: Insight Provided by Detached Eddy Simulation","volume":"47","author":"Constantinescu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1016\/S0017-9310(97)00239-1","article-title":"Numerical and Experimental Study of Swirling Flow in a Model Combustor","volume":"41","author":"Xia","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"Lejeune, A.-F., Calluaud, D., Pineau, G., and David, L. (, January 19\u201324). Numerical Comparison of Rans, Urans and Les Simulations Of Turbulent Flow In Vertical Double Slot Fishways. Proceedings of the 39th IAHR World Congress, Granada, Spain."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1080\/00221681003703956","article-title":"Two-Dimensional Free Surface Flow Numerical Model for Vertical Slot Fishways","volume":"48","author":"Chorda","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hydraul. Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andersson, B. (2012). Computational Fluid Dynamics for Engineers, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139093590"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crme.2007.08.004","article-title":"About Boussinesq\u2019s Turbulent Viscosity Hypothesis: Historical Remarks and a Direct Evaluation of Its Validity","volume":"335","author":"Schmitt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus M\u00e9canique"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bravo-C\u00f3rdoba, F.J., Fuentes-P\u00e9rez, J.F., Valbuena-Castro, J., Mart\u00ednez De Azagra-Paredes, A., and Sanz-Ronda, F.J. (2021). Turning Pools in Stepped Fishways: Biological Assessment via Fish Response and CFD Models. Water, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/w13091186"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1111\/faf.12258","article-title":"The Future of Fish Passage Science, Engineering, and Practice","volume":"19","author":"Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fish Fish."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2022.04.073","article-title":"Fish Swimming Efficiency","volume":"32","author":"Liao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.041806","article-title":"The Effects of Turbulent Eddies on the Stability and Critical Swimming Speed of Creek Chub (Semotilus Atromaculatus)","volume":"213","author":"Tritico","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2015.12.038","article-title":"A New Eulerian\u2013Lagrangian Agent Method to Model Fish Paths in a Vertical Slot Fishway","volume":"88","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."}],"container-title":["Water"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/17\/5\/686\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:43:11Z","timestamp":1760028191000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/17\/5\/686"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["w17050686"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/w17050686","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4441"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-4441"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]}}}