{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T12:21:43Z","timestamp":1778156503115,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study presents the effectiveness of two vertical subsurface flow (VF) constructed wetlands (CWs), one planted with Juncus effusus (PCW) and the other unplanted (CCW), for the remediation of acid mine drainage (AMD) from the Ouixane abandoned mine site located in Morocco. The VFs were fed with highly acidic AMD (pH &lt; 2.5) and were evaluated over a period of 150 days. The substrate was composed of limestone, as a neutralizing agent, river gravel, and natural peat moss, with the goal of promoting the growth of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and metals precipitation. The results showed that both VFs successfully neutralized the acidity, with effluent pH values ranging from 3.57 to 8.5, indicating effective alkalinization of the AMD. Significant differences (p &lt; 0.05) were observed between the metal removal rates of the CCW and the PCW, except for Mn. Both types of constructed wetlands (CWs), the planted system (PCW) and the unplanted system (CCW), exhibited similar efficiencies in metal removal from the influent. The rates of metalloid removal were as follows: 99.9% vs. 99% for Cr, 99% vs. 80% for As, 96% vs. 94 for Zn, 99.94% vs. 99% for Fe, and 90% vs. 81% for Al. Microbial sulfate reduction was increased from 43% to 50% by the presence of plants. Sediment analysis revealed that metals were primarily in stable forms: Fe and Zn were mostly associated with Fe-Mn oxides, while Mn and Ni were predominantly present as carbonates. These observations indicate a relative stability of metals in the CWs\u2019 sediment. This study highlights the effectiveness of the studied CWs, particularly those with vegetation, for AMD remediation, emphasizing the importance of neutralizing agents, plants, and organic substrates in the treatment process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w17050687","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T05:13:58Z","timestamp":1740633238000},"page":"687","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Passive Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage Effluents Using Constructed Wetlands: Case of an Abandoned Iron Mine, Morocco"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ilham","family":"Naghoum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials, Natural Substances and Environment, Chemistry Department, Sciences and Technology Faculty, Abdelmalek Essa\u00e2di University, Tangier 90090, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Edahbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Higher School of Technology (ESTFBS), Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal 23000, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2466-6531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Alberto Herrera","family":"Meli\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Fotocat\u00e1lisis y Espectroscop\u00eda para Aplicaciones Medioambientales (FEAM), Instituto de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira, 35017 Las Palmas, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3604-1544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Miguel","family":"Do\u00f1a Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Fotocat\u00e1lisis y Espectroscop\u00eda para Aplicaciones Medioambientales (FEAM), Instituto de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira, 35017 Las Palmas, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2834-043X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Dur\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GEOBIOTEC Research Centre, Department of Geosciences, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Beatriz Arce","family":"Pascual","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00edas Qu\u00edmica y Biomolecular, Universidad de Cantabria, ETSIIT, 39005 Santander, Spain"}]},{"given":"Farida","family":"Salmoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials, Natural Substances and Environment, Chemistry Department, Sciences and Technology Faculty, Abdelmalek Essa\u00e2di University, Tangier 90090, Morocco"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Calugaru, I.L. 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