{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T14:10:04Z","timestamp":1768313404863,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742428800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundac\u0327\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["(UI\/BD\/151032\/2021)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(UI\/BD\/151032\/2021)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Furnas volcano, one of the three active central volcanoes of S\u00e3o Miguel (the Azores archipelago), hosts mineral waters with significant special variations, divided into hyperthermal (89.4\u201395.4 \u00b0C), thermal (29.9\u201370.0 \u00b0C), and cold (14.2\u201321.4 \u00b0C) waters. Groundwaters are classified as Na-HCO3, with a neutral to slightly acidic pH, except one SO4-Na acidic sample. The major elements are primarily influenced by rock leaching and volcanic input, patterns also reflected in the trace elements, including the rare earth elements. The major cations, along with lithium, iron, aluminum, rubidium, and strontium, indicate the influence of water\u2013rock interactions. Some samples depict a higher influence in this input, shown by the similar REE behavior between them and the local rock behavior. The volcanic input is distinguished into two environments: an acid sulfate boiling pool, formed by steam heating, and neutral HCO3-Cl waters, where bicarbonate-rich waters mix with a neutral chloride fluid from a deep reservoir. The deeper reservoir also provides boron, arsenic, antimony, and tungsten, also seemingly associated with a positive spike in europium due to rock dissolution at temperatures above 250 \u00b0C or a reducing environment. This interpretation is corroborated by the stability of the strontium isotopes between samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w17060898","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T09:17:39Z","timestamp":1742462259000},"page":"898","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Hydrogeochemical Signatures and Processes Influencing Mineral Waters at Furnas Volcano (S\u00e3o Miguel, Azores)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3882-1651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Let\u00edcia","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IVAR\u2013Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Vulcanologia e Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o de Riscos, Universidade dos A\u00e7ores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6475-3824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Virg\u00edlio","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IVAR\u2013Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Vulcanologia e Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o de Riscos, Universidade dos A\u00e7ores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"},{"name":"FCT\u2013Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade dos A\u00e7ores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0442-7955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1tima","family":"Viveiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IVAR\u2013Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Vulcanologia e Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o de Riscos, Universidade dos A\u00e7ores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"},{"name":"FCT\u2013Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade dos A\u00e7ores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2834-043X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Dur\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoBioTec\u2013Geobioci\u00eancias, Geoengenharias e Geotecnologias, Departamento de Geoci\u00eancias, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5793-1987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IVAR\u2013Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Vulcanologia e Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o de Riscos, Universidade dos A\u00e7ores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8650-1679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FCUL\u2013Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7234-9995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Cabral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIVISA\u2013Centro de Informa\u00e7\u00e3o e Vigil\u00e2ncia Sismovulc\u00e2nica dos A\u00e7ores, Universidade dos A\u00e7ores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Coutinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IVAR\u2013Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Vulcanologia e Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o de Riscos, Universidade dos A\u00e7ores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"},{"name":"FCT\u2013Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade dos A\u00e7ores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4997-8264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Francisco","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoBioTec\u2013Geobioci\u00eancias, Geoengenharias e Geotecnologias, Departamento de Geoci\u00eancias, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Bourdier, J.-L. 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