{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:05:50Z","timestamp":1760058350411,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An entrapped air pocket can induce pressure surges in sewer systems. Previous studies on entrapped air in these systems have focused on analysing its effects under conditions where air is expelled. This research introduces a mathematical model to calculate pressure surges caused by air pocket compression in a sealed manhole (without an orifice size) that may occur at the output of a pumping station. The model is based on the rigid water column theory, the polytropic law, and the continuity equation. The proposed model is validated using a 7.3 m long experimental facility equipped with a sealed chamber simulating a sealed manhole cover. It is demonstrated to accurately predict the peak pressure head of 18.9 metres and the associated pressure oscillations. A sensitivity analysis is also performed to assess variations in model behaviour. Furthermore, the model effectively captures the system\u2019s final conditions. Lastly, a case study illustrates the model\u2019s applicability to a water installation with a length of 250 m.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w17070984","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T10:54:48Z","timestamp":1743159288000},"page":"984","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessing Air Pocket Pressure Pulses in Sealed Manholes of Urban Drainage Systems Under Pressurisation Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6574-0857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar E.","family":"Coronado-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Hidr\u00e1ulica y Saneamiento Ambiental, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena 130001, Colombia"}]},{"given":"Javier A.","family":"Mouth\u00f3n-Bello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Hidr\u00e1ulica y Saneamiento Ambiental, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena 130001, Colombia"}]},{"given":"Alfonso","family":"Arrieta-Pastrana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Hidr\u00e1ulica y Saneamiento Ambiental, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena 130001, Colombia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8316-7778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Modesto","family":"P\u00e9rez-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Hidr\u00e1ulica y Medio Ambiente, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9028-9711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena M.","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment Department, CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Chow, V.T. (1959). Open-Channel Hydraulics, McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1061\/JYCEAJ.0002262","article-title":"Numerical Solution of Saint-Venant Equations","volume":"96","author":"Theodor","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Hydraul. Div."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, X., Wang, H., Chen, B., Li, Z., and Zhou, J. (2024). Comparative Analysis of Flood Prevention and Control at LID Facilities with Runoff and Flooding as Control Objectives Based on InfoWorks ICM. Water, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/w16030374"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pathak, P., Ilyas, S., Srivastava, R.R., Dar, J., and Kothandaraman, S. (2024). Assessment of Water Surcharge Conditions in an Urban Area Using SEWERGEMS: A Case Study. Advances in Environmental Sustainability, Energy and Earth Science, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-73820-3"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"02524003","DOI":"10.1061\/JOEEDU.EEENG-7680","article-title":"Introducing SWMM5+","volume":"150","author":"Hodges","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1080\/00221686.2024.2305354","article-title":"Air Entrapment Modelling during Pipe Filling Based on SWMM","volume":"62","author":"Ferreira","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hydraul. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Butler, D., Digman, C., Makropoulos, C., and Davies, J.W. (2018). Urban Drainage, CRC Press. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cam.2006.10.086","article-title":"A Finite Volume Scheme for a Model Coupling Free Surface and Pressurised Flows in Pipes","volume":"209","author":"Bourdarias","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Comput. Appl. Math."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hager, W.H. (2010). Standard Manhole. Wastewater Hydraulics: Theory and Practice, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-11383-3"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1080\/1573062X.2018.1424217","article-title":"Quantification of Energy Losses at a Surcharging Manhole","volume":"15","author":"Rubinato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Urban Water J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramos, H.M., P\u00e9rez-S\u00e1nchez, M., Franco, A.B., and L\u00f3pez-Jim\u00e9nez, P.A. (2017). Urban Floods Adaptation and Sustainable Drainage Measures. Fluids, 2.","DOI":"10.3390\/fluids2040061"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9429(2005)131:10(853)","article-title":"Experimental Investigation of Surges in a Stormwater Storage Tunnel","volume":"131","author":"Vasconcelos","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Hydraul. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1080\/1573062X.2014.881892","article-title":"Flow Regime Transition Simulation Incorporating Entrapped Air Pocket Effects","volume":"12","author":"Vasconcelos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urban Water J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.3390\/modelling2040025","article-title":"A Mixed Flow Analysis of Sewer Pipes with Different Shapes Using a Non-Oscillatory Two-Component Pressure Approach (TPA)","volume":"2","author":"Khani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Modelling"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000332","article-title":"Geysering Generated by Large Air Pockets Released through Water-Filled Ventilation Shafts","volume":"137","author":"Vasconcelos","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hydraul. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1080\/00221686.2021.2001589","article-title":"Numerical Study on the Mechanisms of Storm Geysers in a Vertical Riser-Chamber System","volume":"60","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hydraul. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allasia, D.G., B\u00f6ck, L.\u00c9., Vasconcelos, J.G., Pinto, L.C., Tassi, R., Minetto, B., Persch, C.G., and Pachaly, R.L. (2023). Experimental Study of Geysering in an Upstream Vertical Shaft. Water, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/w15091740"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04017071","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001416","article-title":"3D Numerical Modeling of Geyser Formation by Release of Entrapped Air from Horizontal Pipe into Vertical Shaft","volume":"144","author":"Chan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hydraul. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1080\/00221686.2018.1475427","article-title":"Rapid Air Expulsion through an Orifice in a Vertical Water Pipe","volume":"57","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hydraul. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1080\/1573062X.2024.2346727","article-title":"Attenuation of Pipeline Filling Over-Pressures through Trapped Air","volume":"21","author":"Tasca","year":"2024","journal-title":"Urban Water J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1080\/00221686.2022.2132309","article-title":"Energy Dissipation in a Rapid Filling Vertical Pipe with Trapped Air","volume":"61","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hydraul. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1080\/1573062X.2019.1669188","article-title":"Hydraulic Modeling during Filling and Emptying Processes in Pressurized Pipelines: A Literature Review","volume":"16","year":"2019","journal-title":"Urban Water J."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Manhole Cover Displacement Caused by the Release of Entrapped Air Pockets","volume":"2018","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Water Manag. Model."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Apollonio, C., Balacco, G., Fontana, N., Giugni, M., Marini, G., and Piccinni, A.F. (2016). Hydraulic Transients Caused by Air Expulsion During Rapid Filling of Undulating Pipelines. Water, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/w8010025"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1080\/1573062X.2020.1800762","article-title":"Analysis of Hydraulic Transients during Pipeline Filling Processes with Air Valves in Large-Scale Installations","volume":"17","author":"Romero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urban Water J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.139923","article-title":"A State-of-the-Art Review for the Prediction of Overflow in Urban Sewer Systems","volume":"434","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Martin, C.S. (1976, January 22\u201324). Entrapped Air in Pipelines. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Pressure Surges, London, UK."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Zhou, F. (2000). Effects of Trapped Air on Flow Transients in Rapidly Filling Sewers. [Ph.D Dissertation, University of Alberta]."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pressure Transients Due to Compression of Trapped Air in Rapidly Filling Sewer Storage Tunnels","volume":"20","author":"Wright","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Water Manag. Model."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4020022","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001726","article-title":"Investigation of Manhole Cover Displacement during Rapid Filling of Stormwater Systems","volume":"146","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hydraul. Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Wood, F.M. (1973, January 10\u201311). Comparison of the Rigid Column and Elastic Theories for Waterhammer. Proceedings of the First Canadian Hydraulics Conference, Edmonton, AL, Canada."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9429(1999)125:11(1154)","article-title":"Flow Modeling in Pressurized Systems Revisited","volume":"125","author":"Abreu","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Hydraul. Eng."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000750","article-title":"Investigation of Hydraulic Transients of Two Entrapped Air Pockets in a Water Pipeline","volume":"139","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hydraul. Eng."}],"container-title":["Water"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/17\/7\/984\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:03:32Z","timestamp":1760029412000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/17\/7\/984"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["w17070984"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/w17070984","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4441"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-4441"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]}}}