{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:15:30Z","timestamp":1760058930898,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cla Caixa\u201d Foundation","award":["ID 100010434"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ID 100010434"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The northern Portuguese coast has been increasingly subjected to wave-induced coastal flooding, highlighting a critical need for comprehensive overwash assessment in the region. This study systematically evaluates the total water levels (TWLs) and swash regimes over a 120 km stretch of the northern coast of Portugal. Traditional approaches to overwash assessment often rely on detailed models and location-specific data, which can be resource-intensive. The presented methodology addresses these limitations by offering a pragmatic balance between accuracy and practicality, suitable for extended coastal areas with reduced human and computational resources. A coastal digital terrain model was used to extract essential geomorphological features, including the dune toe, dune crest, and\/or crown of defense structures, as well as the sub-aerial beach profile. These features help establish a critical threshold for flooding, alongside assessments of beach slope and other relevant parameters. Additionally, a wave climate derived from a SWAN regional model was integrated, providing a comprehensive time-series hindcast of sea-states from 1979 to 2023. The wave contribution to TWL was considered by using the wave runup, which was calculated using different empirical formulas based on SWAN\u2019s outputs. Astronomical tides and meteorological surge\u2014the latter reconstructed using a long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network\u2014were also integrated to form the TWL. This integration of geomorphological and oceanographic data allows for a straightforward evaluation of swash regimes and consequently overwash potential. The accuracy of various empirical predictors for wave runup, a primary hydrodynamic factor in overwash processes, was assessed. Several reports from hazardous events along this stretch were used as validation for this method. This study further delineates levels of flooding hazard\u2014ranging from swash and collision to overwash at multiple representative profiles along the coast. This regional-scale assessment contributes to a deeper understanding of coastal flooding dynamics and supports the development of targeted, effective coastal management strategies for the northern Portuguese coast.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w17101478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T08:44:58Z","timestamp":1747212298000},"page":"1478","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Coastal Flooding Hazards in Northern Portugal: A Practical Large-Scale Evaluation of Total Water Levels and Swash Regimes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6458-8996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Eduardo","family":"Carneiro-Barros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydraulics, Water Resources, and Environmental Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto (CIIMAR), 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0006-5843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ajab Gul","family":"Majidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydraulics, Water Resources, and Environmental Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto (CIIMAR), 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9819-0927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theocharis","family":"Plomaritis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Marine and Environmental Science, Department of Applied Physics, University of Cadiz, Puerto Real, 11510 C\u00e1diz, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8549-3320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Fazeres-Ferradosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydraulics, Water Resources, and Environmental Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto (CIIMAR), 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3768-3314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Rosa-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydraulics, Water Resources, and Environmental Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto (CIIMAR), 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4337-8428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Taveira-Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydraulics, Water Resources, and Environmental Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto (CIIMAR), 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3839(00)00021-1","article-title":"Wave Hindcasting off the Coast of Portugal","volume":"40","author":"Booij","year":"2000","journal-title":"Coast. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2023.103556","article-title":"The Complexity of the Coastal Zone: Definition of Typologies in Portugal as a Contribution to Coastal Disaster Risk Reduction and Management","volume":"86","author":"Barros","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Barros, J.L., Santos, P.P., Tavares, A.O., and Freire, P. (2022). Inunda\u00e7\u00f5es e Galgamentos Costeiros: Uma Base de Dados de Ocorr\u00eancias e Seus Impactos Para a Costa Continental Portuguesa Entre 1980 e 2018. O Compromisso da Geografia Para Territ\u00f3rios em Mudan\u00e7a. Livro de Atas do XIII Congresso da Geografia Portuguesa, Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Portuguesa de Ge\u00f3grafos."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"218","article-title":"Sea Level at Cascais Tide Gauge: Data, Analysis and Results","volume":"56","author":"Antunes","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vitousek, S., Barnard, P.L., Fletcher, C.H., Frazer, N., Erikson, L., and Storlazzi, C.D. (2017). Doubling of Coastal Flooding Frequency within Decades Due to Sea-Level Rise. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-01362-7"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Green, J., Haigh, I., Quinn, N., Neal, J., Wahl, T., Wood, M., Eilander, D., De Ruiter, M., Ward, P., and Camus, P. (2024). Review Article: A Comprehensive Review of Compound Flooding Literature with a Focus on Coastal and Estuarine Regions. EGUsphere.","DOI":"10.5194\/egusphere-2024-2247"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"de Magalh\u00e3es Oliveira Martins, B.T. (2013). Caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o da Evolu\u00e7\u00e3o Recente da Linha de Costa e Identifica\u00e7\u00e3o de Zonas Vulner\u00e1veis no Trecho Costeiro Caminha-Espinho. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade do Porto]."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Ag\u00eancia Portuguesa do Ambiente (2021). Programas da Orla Costeira, APA."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carneiro-Barros, J.E., Plomaritis, T.A., Fazeres-Ferradosa, T., Rosa-Santos, P., and Taveira-Pinto, F. (2023). Coastal Flood Mapping with Two Approaches Based on Observations at Furadouro, Northern Portugal. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202309.1556.v1"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Pinto, I.M.P. (2022). Galgamentos e Inunda\u00e7\u00f5es Costeiras Na Frente Urbana Do Furadouro-Concelho de Ovar. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Universidade do Porto]."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coastaleng.2024.104571","article-title":"A Framework for National-Scale Coastal Storm Hazards Early Warning","volume":"192","author":"Turner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Coast. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-023-00817-2","article-title":"Operational Forecasts of Wave-Driven Water Levels and Coastal Hazards for US Gulf and Atlantic Coasts","volume":"4","author":"Stockdon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun. Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2018.01.002","article-title":"Infragravity Waves: From Driving Mechanisms to Impacts","volume":"177","author":"Bertin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-22-1-2022","article-title":"The Influence of Infragravity Waves on the Safety of Coastal Defences: A Case Study of the Dutch Wadden Sea","volume":"22","author":"Lashley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leijnse, T.W.B., van Ormondt, M., and van Dongeren, A. (2024). Estimating Nearshore Infragravity Wave Conditions at Large Spatial Scales. Front. Mar. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2024.1355095"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-023-05939-6","article-title":"Relative Contributions of Water-Level Components to Extreme Water Levels along the US Southeast Atlantic Coast from a Regional-Scale Water-Level Hindcast","volume":"117","author":"Parker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2020.103148","article-title":"On the Prediction of Runup, Setup and Swash on Beaches","volume":"204","author":"Coco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.47412\/GDWM2126","article-title":"Quantifying Wave Runup in Data-Sparse Locations for Planning","volume":"44","author":"Williams","year":"2022","journal-title":"West Indian J. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coastaleng.2005.12.005","article-title":"Empirical Parameterization of Setup, Swash, and Runup","volume":"53","author":"Stockdon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Coast. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Donnelly, C., Wamsley, T.V., Kraus, N.C., Larson, M., and Hanson, H. Morphologic Classification of Coastal Overwash. Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering 2006."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coastaleng.2017.09.003","article-title":"Regional Assessment of Storm Related Overwash and Breaching Hazards on Coastal Barriers","volume":"134","author":"Plomaritis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Coast. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2017.07.010","article-title":"Process-Based Indicators to Assess Storm Induced Coastal Hazards","volume":"173","author":"Ferreira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gallien, T., Kalligeris, N., Delisle, M.-P., Tang, B.-X., Lucey, J., and Winters, M. (2018). Coastal Flood Modeling Challenges in Defended Urban Backshores. Geosciences, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences8120450"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.168783","article-title":"Comparison of Wave Overtopping Estimation Models for Urban Beaches. Towards an Early Warning System on the Basque Coast","volume":"912","author":"Plomaritis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2360","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04692-w","article-title":"Global Probabilistic Projections of Extreme Sea Levels Show Intensification of Coastal Flood Hazard","volume":"9","author":"Vousdoukas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020EF001882","DOI":"10.1029\/2020EF001882","article-title":"Uncertainty and Bias in Global to Regional Scale Assessments of Current and Future Coastal Flood Risk","volume":"9","author":"Hinkel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth\u2019s Future"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coastaleng.2011.09.003","article-title":"Laboratory Investigation of Dune Erosion Using Stereo Video","volume":"60","author":"Palmsten","year":"2012","journal-title":"Coast. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2024.132944","article-title":"Integrated Assessment of Offshore Wind and Wave Power Resources in Mainland Portugal","volume":"308","author":"Majidi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2023.05.049","article-title":"Assessing the Impact of Wave Model Calibration in the Uncertainty of Wave Energy Estimation","volume":"212","author":"Majidi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.2166\/hydro.2020.092","article-title":"Delft Dashboard: A Quick Set-up Tool for Hydrodynamic Models","volume":"22","author":"Nederhoff","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hydroinformatics"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coastaleng.2024.104532","article-title":"Storm Surge Modeling in the AI Era: Using LSTM-Based Machine Learning for Enhancing Forecasting Accuracy","volume":"191","author":"Giaremis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Coast. Eng."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3839(86)90002-5","article-title":"Extreme Value Statistics for Wave Run-up on a Natural Beach","volume":"9","author":"Holman","year":"1986","journal-title":"Coast. Eng."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1139","article-title":"Wave Runup Distributions on Natural Beaches","volume":"7","author":"Nielsen","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"407","article-title":"Wave Runup, Extreme Water Levels and the Erosion of Properties Backing Beaches","volume":"17","author":"Ruggiero","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s10236-011-0480-x","article-title":"Coastal Vulnerability Assessment Based on Video Wave Run-up Observations at a Mesotidal, Steep-Sloped Beach","volume":"62","author":"Vousdoukas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ocean. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Leaman, C., Beuzen, T., and Goldstein, E.B. (2023, December 01). Chrisleaman\/Py-Wave-Runup: V0.1.10 2020. Available online: https:\/\/py-wave-runup.readthedocs.io\/en\/latest\/."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"890","article-title":"Storm Impact Scale for Barrier Islands","volume":"16","author":"Sallenger","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coastaleng.2021.104001","article-title":"A Storm Hazard Matrix Combining Coastal Flooding and Beach Erosion","volume":"170","author":"Leaman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Coast. Eng."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179050","article-title":"A Physical Climate Storyline for the Hercules Storm in Portugal: Extreme Coastal Flooding in Southwestern Europe under a Changing Climate","volume":"971","author":"Lemos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"197","article-title":"Impacts of the storm Hercules in Portugal","volume":"49","author":"Santos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Finisterra"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2018RG000636","DOI":"10.1029\/2018RG000636","article-title":"The Tides They Are A-Changin\u2019: A Comprehensive Review of Past and Future Nonastronomical Changes in Tides, Their Driving Mechanisms, and Future Implications","volume":"58","author":"Haigh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4356","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL082599","article-title":"Increased Extreme Coastal Water Levels Due to the Combined Action of Storm Surges and Wind-Waves","volume":"46","author":"Marcos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1002\/2014RG000477","article-title":"A Review of Tropical Cyclone-Generated Storm Surges: Global Data Sources, Observations, and Impacts","volume":"53","author":"Needham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-019-09557-5","article-title":"The Contribution of Wind-Generated Waves to Coastal Sea-Level Changes","volume":"40","author":"Dodet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surv. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Poseiro, P., Reis, M.T., Fortes, C.J.E.M., Lopes, E.M., Sabino, A., and Rodrigues, A. (2014, January 24\u201326). Aplica\u00e7\u00e3o do Sistema de Previs\u00e3o e Alerta de Inunda\u00e7\u00f5es HIDRALERTA: Caso de Estudo da Costa da Caparica. Proceedings of the 3as Jornadas de Engenharia Hidrogr\u00e1fica, Lisbon, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manz, A., Z\u00f3zimo, A.C., and Garzon, J.L. (2022). Application of SWASH to Compute Wave Overtopping in Ericeira Harbour for Operational Purposes. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse10121881"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.14195\/1647-7723_22_7","article-title":"Risco de galgamento nas estruturas mar\u00edtimas da praia da Vit\u00f3ria: Resultados do sistema HIDRALERTA","volume":"22","author":"Fortes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Territorium"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2024.109060","article-title":"A Probabilistic Approach to Combine Sea Level Rise, Tide and Storm Surge into Representative Return Periods of Extreme Total Water Levels: Application to the Portuguese Coastal Areas","volume":"313","author":"Antunes","year":"2025","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2024.118448","article-title":"The Future of the Portuguese (SW Europe) Most Vulnerable Coastal Areas under Climate Change\u2013Part II: Future Extreme Coastal Flooding from Downscaled Bias Corrected Wave Climate Projections","volume":"310","author":"Lemos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2024.117661","article-title":"The Future of the Portuguese (SW Europe) Most Vulnerable Coastal Areas under Climate Change\u2013Part I: Performance Evaluation and Shoreline Evolution from a Downscaled Bias Corrected Wave Climate Ensemble","volume":"302","author":"Lemos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"28","article-title":"Coastal Hazards Representation for Praia Do Barril (Algarve, Portugal)","volume":"49","author":"Garcia","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-19-2295-2019","article-title":"Ensemble Models from Machine Learning: An Example of Wave Runup and Coastal Dune Erosion","volume":"19","author":"Beuzen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bujak, D., Ilic, S., Mili\u010devi\u0107, H., and Carevi\u0107, D. (2023). Wave Runup Prediction and Alongshore Variability on a Pocket Gravel Beach under Fetch-Limited Wave Conditions. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse11030614"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kralj, E., Kumer, P., and Meulenberg, C.J.W. (2023). Coastal Flood Risk Assessment: An Approach to Accurately Map Flooding through National Registry-Reported Events. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse11122290"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rilo, A., Tavares, A.O., Freire, P., Z\u00eazere, J.L., and Haigh, I.D. (2022). Improving Estuarine Flood Risk Knowledge through Documentary Data Using Multiple Correspondence Analysis. Water, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/w14193161"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2018.10.022","article-title":"Validation of Flood Risk Models: Current Practice and Possible Improvements","volume":"33","author":"Molinari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3775","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24008-9","article-title":"A Global Analysis of Extreme Coastal Water Levels with Implications for Potential Coastal Overtopping","volume":"12","author":"Almar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Leijnse, T. (2024, December 01). SFINCS Documentation. Available online: https:\/\/sfincs.readthedocs.io\/en\/latest\/."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coastaleng.2020.103796","article-title":"Modeling Compound Flooding in Coastal Systems Using a Computationally Efficient Reduced-Physics Solver: Including Fluvial, Pluvial, Tidal, Wind- and Wave-Driven Processes","volume":"163","author":"Leijnse","year":"2021","journal-title":"Coast. Eng."}],"container-title":["Water"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/17\/10\/1478\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:32:26Z","timestamp":1760031146000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/17\/10\/1478"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["w17101478"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/w17101478","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4441"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-4441"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]}}}