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This study was developed during three years in a hydro-agricultural area of the Alqueva irrigation system (Portugal) with Mediterranean climate conditions. The sampling campaigns included collecting water samples from eight irrigation hydrants, analyzed four times yearly. The analysis incorporated meteorological data and indices (precipitation, temperature, and drought conditions) alongside chemical parameters, using multivariate statistics (factor analysis and cluster analysis) to identify key water quality drivers. Additionally, machine learning models (Random Forest regression and Gradient Boosting machine) were employed to predict electrical conductivity (ECw), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), and pH based on chemical and climatic variables. Water quality evaluation showed a prevalence of a slight to moderate soil sodification risk. The factor analysis outcome was a three-factor model related to salinity, sodicity, and climate. The cluster analysis revealed a grouping pattern led by year and followed by stage, pointing to the influence of inter-annual climate irregularity. Variations in water quality from the reservoirs to the distribution network were not substantial. The Random Forest algorithm showed superior predictive accuracy, particularly for ECw and SAR, confirming its potential for the reliable forecasting of irrigation water quality. This research emphasizes the importance of integrating time-sensitive monitoring with data-driven predictions of water quality to support sustainable water resources management in agriculture. This integrated approach offers a promising framework for early warning and informed decision-making in the context of increasing drought vulnerability across Mediterranean agro-environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w17121783","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T04:06:24Z","timestamp":1750046784000},"page":"1783","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Patterns, Risks, and Forecasting of Irrigation Water Quality Under Drought Conditions in Mediterranean Regions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9129-112X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Tomaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Beja, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Beja, Campus do Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Beja, 7800-295 Beja, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Sci-Tech Research in Earth System and Energy (CREATE), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Beja, Campus do Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Beja, 7800-295 Beja, Portugal"},{"name":"GeoBioTec, Nova School of Science and Technology, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4792-3633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Catarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Beja, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Beja, Campus do Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Beja, 7800-295 Beja, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Sci-Tech Research in Earth System and Energy (CREATE), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Beja, Campus do Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Beja, 7800-295 Beja, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Tomaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Nova School of Science and Technology, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Fabi\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Operativo e de Tecnologia de Regadio, Quinta da Sa\u00fade, Apartado 354, 7800-999 Beja, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9719-079X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Palma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Beja, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Beja, Campus do Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Beja, 7800-295 Beja, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Sci-Tech Research in Earth System and Energy (CREATE), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Beja, Campus do Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Beja, 7800-295 Beja, Portugal"},{"name":"GeoBioTec, Nova School of Science and Technology, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"\u00c1guas Publicas do Alentejo, Grupo \u00c1guas de Portugal, Rua Dr. Aresta Branco n\u00ba 51, 7800-310 Beja, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2298","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2011.02396.x","article-title":"Agroclimatic Conditions in Europe under Climate Change","volume":"17","author":"Trnka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. 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