{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T03:18:55Z","timestamp":1773544735733,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,6]],"date-time":"2025-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the enhancement in lipid accumulation in Chlorella sp. using non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma as a pretreatment strategy for the production of value-added products. The plasma treatment was optimized by varying discharge times (0\u201316 min) using argon gas at a flow rate of 4 L\/min. Lipid productivity was assessed through gravimetric analysis and profiling of fatty acid methyl ester using gas chromatography\u2212mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The growth rate and pH of the treated cells were monitored. The findings demonstrated that the 4-min plasma exposure maximized the efficiency of lipid recovery, achieving a 35% of the dry cell weight and a 34.6% increase over untreated control. However, longer plasma treatment times resulted in a comparative decrease in lipid yield, as the decline is possibly due to oxidative degradation. The findings highlight the role of plasma treatment, which significantly boosts lipid yield and gives complementary optimization of downstream processes to improve biodiesel production. The accumulation of lipids in terms of size and volume in the algal cells was assessed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The GC\u2013MS results of the control revealed that lipids comprised primarily mixed esters such as 2H Pyran 2 carboxylic acid ethyl esters, accounting for 50.97% and 20.52% of the total peak area. In contrast, the 4-min treated sample shifted to saturated triacylglycerols (dodecanoic acid, 2,3 propanetriyl ester), comprising 85% of the total lipid content, which efficiently produced biodiesel. Thus, the non-thermal plasma-based enhancement of lipids in the algal cells has been achieved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w17132030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T02:53:07Z","timestamp":1751856787000},"page":"2030","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Study on Enhanced Lipid Accumulation by Cold Plasma Process in Chlorella sp."],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4864-8872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Aadhil","family":"Musthak Ahamed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600048, India"}]},{"given":"Navaneetha Pandiyaraj","family":"Krishnasamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Sri Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya College of Arts and Sciences, Coimbatore 641020, India"}]},{"given":"Karuppusamy","family":"Murugavel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Sri Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya College of Arts and Sciences, Coimbatore 641020, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5958-8900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kannappan","family":"Arunachalam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}]},{"given":"Khamis Sulaiman","family":"AlDhafri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Art and Education, Sohar University, Sultanate of Oman, Sohar 311, Oman"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7665-595X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arunkumar","family":"Jagadeesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Translational Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701, USA"}]},{"given":"Thajuddin","family":"Nooruddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Crescent Global Outreach Mission (CGOM): R&D, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600048, India"}]},{"given":"Sang-Yul","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Surface Technology and Applications, Korea Aerospace University, Goyang-si 10540, Republic of Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8133-8676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"MubarakAli","family":"Davoodbasha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600048, India"},{"name":"Crescent Global Outreach Mission (CGOM): R&D, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600048, India"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2007.02.001","article-title":"Biodiesel from microalgae","volume":"25","author":"Chisti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1007\/s00449-019-02149-y","article-title":"Lipid and unsaturated fatty acid productions from three microalgae using nitrate and light-emitting diodes with complementary LED wavelength in a two-phase culture system","volume":"42","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioprocess Biosyst. 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