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These ecosystems often accumulate large amounts of waste, affecting wildlife and water quality. This study focuses on analysing the circulation patterns of the Ave Estuary, a small, shallow system on Portugal\u2019s north-western coast, and their influence on litter transport and distribution. This site was selected for installing an aquatic litter removal technology under the EU-funded MAELSTROM project. A 2DH hydrodynamic model using Delft3D FM, coupled with the Wflow hydrological model, was implemented and validated. Various scenarios were simulated to assess estuarine dynamics and pinpoint zones prone to litter accumulation and flood risk. The results show that tidal action and river discharge mainly drive the estuary\u2019s behaviour. Under low discharge, floating litter should be mostly transported toward the ocean, while high discharge conditions should result in litter movement at all depths due to stronger currents. High water levels and flooding occur mainly upstream and in specific low-lying areas near the mouth. Low-velocity zones, which can favour litter accumulation, were found around the main channel and on the western margin near the estuary\u2019s mouth, even during high flows. These findings highlight persistent accumulation zones, even under extreme event conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w17182698","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T13:43:02Z","timestamp":1757684582000},"page":"2698","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Representing Small Shallow Water Estuary Hydrodynamics to Uncover Litter Transport Patterns"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Lubna Benchama","family":"Ahnouch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Sup\u00e9rieur Industriel de Bruxelles, Haute Ecole Bruxelles-Brabant (ISIB, HE2B), Bd Louis Schmidt 2, 1040 Brussels, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Frans","family":"Buschman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deltares, Boussinesqweg 1, 2629 HV Delft, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Helene","family":"Boisgontier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deltares, Boussinesqweg 1, 2629 HV Delft, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4501-9410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Bio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR\/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8218-619X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis R.","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR\/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6686-9919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara C.","family":"Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR\/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9066-071X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gary F.","family":"Kett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR\/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9231-0553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Sousa-Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR\/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4900-135X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Iglesias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR\/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marchem.2020.103780","article-title":"Observations and idealized modelling of microplastic transport in estuaries: The exemplary case of an upwelling system (R\u00eda de Vigo, NW Spain)","volume":"222","author":"Gago","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar. Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1017\/S0376892902000061","article-title":"Environmental threats and environmental future of estuaries","volume":"29","author":"Kennish","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. 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