{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T14:26:39Z","timestamp":1769523999036,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Operational Competitiveness Program","award":["N\u00ba46998_N9ve-REE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\u00ba46998_N9ve-REE"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia and Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018885","name":"REQUIMTE","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018885","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"UID Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e Mar","award":["+LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["+LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Technological proliferation relies on critical elements such as rare earth elements (REEs) and raises environmental problems associated with raw material extraction, industrial manufacturing, and the informal management of the growing e-waste. Algae are good bioindicators of contamination and have shown promise as biosorbents for remediating metal-contaminated environments. However, the effects of REEs on algae are still poorly documented and understood. This study investigated the uptake of yttrium (Y)\u2014one of the most frequently used REEs, particularly in fluorescent lamps\u2014by Ulva sp., as well as its effects on total chlorophyll content, relative growth rate, and biochemical performance. The algae were exposed to Y for 72 h at environmentally relevant concentrations, including levels found in e-waste leachates (0.5, 5.0, 50, and 500 mg\/L). Ulva sp. removed 86% of Y within 72 h, with a bioconcentration factor of up to 621. EDTA analysis revealed that over 90% of yttrium was retained on the algal surface. SEM-EDS mapping showed crystal structures on the algae where Y was present. While the relative growth rate was unaffected by the tested Y gradient, photosynthesis was significantly impaired at 500 mg\/L. Despite the activation of defence mechanisms, cell damage was observed at most Y concentrations tested, highlighting the potential risks associated with the presence of REEs in aquatic environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w17203023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T14:24:02Z","timestamp":1761056642000},"page":"3023","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Uptake and Effects of Yttrium on the Seaweed Ulva sp.: A Study on the Potential Risks of Rare Earth Elements in Aquatic Environments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5246-4809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thainara","family":"Viana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE-Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Col\u00f3nia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE-Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Daniela S.","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE-Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Madalena","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8150-5227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE-Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"CICECO\u2013Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4900-3897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Eduarda","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE-Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6472-5479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Henriques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE-Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"International Energy Agency (2023). 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