{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T16:57:46Z","timestamp":1772557066894,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"INTERREG ATLANTIC AREA PROGRAMME","award":["EAPA_0001\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EAPA_0001\/2022"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/04625\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04625\/2020"]}]},{"name":"the research unit CERIS"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A techno-economic-environmental assessment tool was tailored to a fish sector case study. The fish sector, combined with two renewable components (wind and hydro), was analysed, and sensitivity analyses were carried out to integrate other renewables in a specifically developed optimization model (i.e., HY4RES-AHS). The model used an evolutionary method and resulted in the following conclusions: Scenario 2 excels financially, with the highest IRR (42%), shortest payback (4 years), and lowest investment (EUR 14,500), though it suffers from high energy losses (27.4%) due to a limited grid feed-in (120 kW). Scenario 4 is the most sustainable, with the highest SSR (97.8%) and SCR (63.4%) and lowest grid emissions (12.83 t CO2 eq.), supported by 600 kW PV and strong biomass use, but it has the lowest NPV (EUR 2241) and longest payback (25 years). Scenario 3 offers the best overall balance, achieving the highest NPV (EUR 741,293), solid IRR (20%), low energy losses (2.8%), and strong SSR (94%). Scenarios 5 and 7 prohibit grid feed-in, resulting in the highest energy losses (46.7% and 48.4%) and poor sustainability. Scenario 6 is financially strong (NPV EUR 602,280) but lacks biomass and biogas, reducing system resilience and autonomy. In summary, Scenario 2 is cost-efficient, Scenario 4 leads to sustainability, and Scenario 3 exhibits balanced performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w17223242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T10:07:03Z","timestamp":1763114823000},"page":"3242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimization Tool of Hybrid Energy Systems Toward a New Integrated Solution to Improve the Fish Sector\u2019s Effectiveness"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2799-3994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Soehlemann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability (CERIS), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Department of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8316-7778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Modesto","family":"P\u00e9rez-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydraulic Engineering and Environmental Department, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6574-0857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar","family":"Coronado-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Hidr\u00e1ulica y Saneamiento Ambiental, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena 130001, Colombia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8715-1180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aonghus","family":"McNabola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0058-2488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Quintino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability (CERIS), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Department of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9028-9711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability (CERIS), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Department of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2017.10.037","article-title":"Renewable energy curtailment: A case study on today\u2019s and tomorrow\u2019s congestion management","volume":"112","author":"Schermeyer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Danilova, P. 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