{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T05:35:32Z","timestamp":1764999332407,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT","award":["FCT-UIDB\/04028\/2025","FCT-UIDB\/04349\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCT-UIDB\/04028\/2025","FCT-UIDB\/04349\/2025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, the conceptual hydrogeological circulation model of natural mineral waters from Ribeirinho and Fazenda do Arco hydromineral concession (Castelo de Vide) is updated. These waters are exploited by the Super Bock Group, as bottled waters, and are commercially labeled as \u00c1gua Vitalis. The physico-chemical data (2004\u20132024) of these waters were processed regarding their joint interpretation with recent isotopic (\u03b42H and \u03b418O) data. The study region is dominated by the Castelo de Vide syncline, which develops along the southern limit of the Central Iberian Zone. These natural mineral waters have low electrical conductivity (EC) mean values (42.80 &lt; ECmean &lt; 54.45 \u03bcS\/cm) and a slightly acidic pH (5.14 &lt; pHmean &lt; 5.46), making them hyposaline waters. The recharge area of this aquifer system coincides fundamentally with the outcrops of Lower Ordovician quartzites. The updated conceptual circulation model presented in this work is essentially developed on the basis of the chloride\u2013sodium signatures of these waters, explained by the preferential recharge of meteoric waters (\u03b42H and \u03b418O) and low water\u2013rock interaction temperature. Such isotopic results seem to indicate the non-existence of a flow continuity between the two blocks (NW and SE) of the quartzite ridges, separated by a fault with a local orientation approximately N-S, as indicated by the most enriched isotopic values of the waters from borehole AC22 (\u03b418O = \u22125.90\u2030 vs. V-SMOW) located in the SE block, compared to the average isotopic value of the waters from the other boreholes (Vitalis I, II, III, IV, V and VI) located in the NW block (\u03b418Omean = \u22126.30\u2030 vs. V-SMOW). This study enhances the understanding of the hydrogeological and geochemical processes controlling low-mineralized (hyposaline) natural mineral waters, widely used for therapeutic and commercial purposes. Despite their global importance, detailed hydrogeological and isotopic studies of such systems are still scarce, making this conceptual model a valuable reference for their sustainable management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w17233443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T15:14:06Z","timestamp":1764861246000},"page":"3443","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Contribution of Hydrogeochemical and Isotope (\u03b42H and \u03b418O) Studies to Update the Conceptual Model of the Hyposaline Natural Mineral Waters of Ribeirinho and Fazenda Do Arco (Castelo de Vide, Central Portugal)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1644-7195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Marques","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Recursos Naturais e Ambiente (CERENA), Departamento de Engenharia de Recursos Minerais e Energ\u00e9ticos (DER), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2178-7848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula M.","family":"Carreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologias Nucleares (C2TN), Departamento de Engenharia e Tecnologias Nucleares (DECN), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, ao km 139.7, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6604-8582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Antunes da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Super Bock Group, Apartado 1044, 4466-955 S. Mamede de Infesta, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Moore, J.E. (2002). 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