{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T08:43:03Z","timestamp":1773909783849,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UID\/50006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50006"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials","award":["UIDB\/50011\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50011\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials","award":["UIDP\/50011\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50011\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials","award":["LA\/P\/0006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0006\/2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\/MCTES","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/140873\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/140873\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\/MCTES","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COVID\/BD\/152992\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COVID\/BD\/152992\/2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Associate Laboratory Institute of Nanostructures, Nanomodelling, and Nanofabrication-i3N","award":["CEECINST\/00102\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECINST\/00102\/2018"]}]},{"name":"the Associate Laboratory Institute of Nanostructures, Nanomodelling, and Nanofabrication-i3N","award":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"]}]},{"name":"the Associate Laboratory Institute of Nanostructures, Nanomodelling, and Nanofabrication-i3N","award":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"]}]},{"name":"the Associate Laboratory Institute of Nanostructures, Nanomodelling, and Nanofabrication-i3N","award":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, CuO nanoparticles were synthesised by chemical precipitation assisted by ultrasonic irradiation (UI), a rapid and environmentally friendly procedure without high temperature that enhances the sustainability of the synthesis process. They were also employed as a catalyst to activate peroxydisulfate (PDS) in the removal of ciprofloxacin (CIP) from a polluted solution. The effects of various factors, such as CIP concentration, catalyst dosage, PDS concentration, and initial pH, on the efficiency of this contaminant treatment were investigated. Under optimal conditions, CIP and TOC removal reached 100% and 49%, respectively, after only 30 min of reaction time and using high initial concentrations of CIP (20 mg\/L), PDS (0.5 mM), and CuO (0.5 g\/L) in pH (10). For the best set of processing conditions, pseudo-first-order reaction rate kinetics can be assumed and characterised. The possible degradation pathway of CIP is also suggested. Furthermore, by quenching experiment, the presence of O2\u2212*, *OH, and SO4\u2212* were identified, with O2\u2212* being a radical species with great impact on CIP removal. This study demonstrates that, in alkaline environments, ultrasonically synthesised CuO can effectively activate PDS for the degradation of CIP, achieving total removal within 30 min. The results indicate that UI-synthesised CuO is a very promising catalyst for the removal of emerging organic pollutants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w17243550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T13:32:37Z","timestamp":1765805557000},"page":"3550","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Catalytic Degradation of Ciprofloxacin Using CuO Persulfate Oxidation System\u2014Kinetics and Mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3367-4314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammadreza","family":"Khalaj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Planning, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7803-6212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Elisabete V.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials and Ceramics Engineering, Aveiro Institute of Materials (CICECO), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2764-3124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonas","family":"Deuermeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Research Center (CENIMAT) of the Institute of Nanostructures, Nanomodeling and Nanofabrication (I3N) and Center of Excellence in Microelectronics, Optoelectronics and Processes (CEMOP), Department of Materials Science, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6757-1751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Capela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Planning, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127988","article-title":"Facile assembled N, S-codoped corn straw biochar loaded Bi2WO6 with the enhanced electron-rich feature for the efficient photocatalytic removal of ciprofloxacin and Cr(VI)","volume":"263","author":"Mao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.12.187","article-title":"Iron-doped ordered mesoporous Co3O4 activation of peroxymonosulfate for ciprofloxacin degradation: Performance, mechanism and degradation pathway","volume":"658","author":"Deng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. 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