{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T06:30:43Z","timestamp":1772087443652,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Artificial water bodies in post-mining landscapes often remain chemically altered and ecologically degraded, yet their ecological risk is frequently underestimated by conventional water quality assessments. Persistent toxicity in mining-impacted waters is a global challenge, as acidity alone often fails to explain the adverse biological effects observed. This study assessed the ecological condition of three artificial ponds in a former gold\u2013antimony mining area (Mid\u00f5es, northern Portugal), using an integrated framework that combined physicochemical and biological (phytoplankton and macroinvertebrates) elements with ecotoxicological assays. Ecotoxicity was evaluated using Lemna minor (growth inhibition) and Daphnia magna (acute toxicity, survival, and feeding rate) under untreated water and pH-adjusted conditions to disentangle acidity-driven effects from other chemical stressors. According to Water Framework Directive metrics, all ponds were classified as having moderate ecological potential, driven by persistent acidic conditions and elevated heavy metal concentrations (e.g., zinc and cadmium). Biological communities showed marked temporal\/spatial variability, reflecting physicochemical differences among ponds. Phytoplankton showed summer blooms of cyanobacteria, while macroinvertebrates were generally dominated by tolerant taxa (exhibiting low taxonomic richness\/diversity). Ecotoxicological assays showed consistent toxicity across all sampling periods, with high mortality and reduced feeding rates in D. magna and growth inhibition in L. minor. Notably, toxicity often persisted even after pH adjustment, indicating that the observed biological effects were not driven by acidity but were largely attributable to residual metal contamination. These findings highlight the ecological vulnerability of mining-impacted water bodies and underscore the need for management and remediation strategies that address metal removal in addition to pH correction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w18050536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T15:05:27Z","timestamp":1771945527000},"page":"536","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mining\u2019s Silent Legacy: The Ecotoxicology and Biodiversity of Mid\u00f5es\u2019 Artificial Ponds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0813-7602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00e1rbara S.","family":"Diogo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto (ICBAS) Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es (CIMAR\/CIIMAR), 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto (FCUP), 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto (FCUP), 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6686-9919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara C.","family":"Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es (CIMAR\/CIIMAR), 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto (FCUP), 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.10.010","article-title":"Using Indicator Kriging for the Evaluation of Arsenic Potential Contamination in an Abandoned Mining Area (Portugal)","volume":"442","author":"Antunes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. 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