{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:31:49Z","timestamp":1773102709622,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772841600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"national funds through FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P."},{"name":"European Commission\u2019s Recovery and Resilience Facility","award":["UID\/04423\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04423\/2025"]}]},{"name":"European Commission\u2019s Recovery and Resilience Facility","award":["UID\/PRR\/04423\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/PRR\/04423\/2025"]}]},{"name":"European Commission\u2019s Recovery and Resilience Facility","award":["LA\/P\/0101\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0101\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rivers are dynamic systems that flow from higher elevations to lowlands, eventually discharging into lakes, seas, or oceans, and play a key role in sustaining ecosystems and supporting human activities. River basin characterisation extends beyond the watercourse itself, encompassing land uses, tributaries and hydromorphological features that influence ecological processes. This review analyses three river basins in northern Portugal, Ave, Douro, and Vouga, using a holistic characterisation approach. These basins represent contrasting river systems in terms of size, hydrological regulation and dominant land uses, while simultaneously being subject to pressures frequently reported in many other river basins in Europe, and around the world. The analysis includes a general basin description, a hydromorphological assessment with emphasis on land use, and an evaluation of water ecological status, with particular focus on estuarine ecosystems. Water quality in the three basins has been strongly influenced by anthropogenic pressures, including industrial and agricultural activities, and wastewater discharges. Although the implementation of the European Water Framework Directive has led to improvements in recent decades, the degree of recovery varies among basins. Persistent challenges, such as nutrient concentrations, microbial contamination, and heavy metal pollution, highlight the need for integrated river basin management and improved monitoring strategies. This review provides transferable insights for the management of river basins facing similar environmental pressures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w18050637","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T13:27:18Z","timestamp":1773062838000},"page":"637","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ecological Profile of Three River Basins of the North of Portugal\u2014A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5431-250X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Regina","family":"Torre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CIIMAR\/CIMAR LA, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Paralab, SA, 4420-437 Valbom, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6686-9919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara C.","family":"Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\/CIMAR LA, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7270-5702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Catita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paralab, SA, 4420-437 Valbom, Portugal"},{"name":"FP-I3ID\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o, Inova\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento, FP-BHS\u2014Biomedical and Health Sciences Research Unit, Faculdade Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"RISE HEALTH\u2014Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, Fernando Pessoa Teaching and Culture Foundation, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3950-3970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga M.","family":"Lage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\/CIMAR LA, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.31753\/6204-348","article-title":"Freshwater resources could become the most critical factor in the future of the earth","volume":"62","author":"Zaman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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