{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T06:20:50Z","timestamp":1775197250192,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,12]],"date-time":"2013-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1376265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Water distribution networks face several problems related to leakages, where the pressure control strategy is a common practice for water loss management. Small-scale hydropower schemes, where pumps as turbines replace pressure reducing valves, can be considered an interesting technical solution, which ensures both economic convenience and system flexibility. Due to the water networks\u2019 variable operating conditions, a new methodology to model the effectiveness of pumps as turbines was developed based on the efficiency and the mechanical reliability of the hydropower device and the flexibility of the plant. System effectiveness is proposed as the objective function in the optimization procedure and applied to a real system, enabling one to emphasize that the hydraulic regulation mode of the plant is better than the electric regulation mode for American Petroleum Industry (API) manufacturing standards of pumps.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w5031211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,12]],"date-time":"2013-08-12T11:44:25Z","timestamp":1376307865000},"page":"1211-1225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Pump as Turbine (PAT) Design in Water Distribution Network by System Effectiveness"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Armando","family":"Carravetta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Universit'a di Napoli Federico II, via Claudio, 21, Napoli 80125, Italy"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Del Giudice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Universit'a di Napoli Federico II, via Claudio, 21, Napoli 80125, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0471-8821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oreste","family":"Fecarotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Universit'a di Napoli Federico II, via Claudio, 21, Napoli 80125, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9028-9711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1, Lisboa 1049-01, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.3390\/en4091258","article-title":"Tools for small hydropower plant resource planning and development: A review of technology and applications","volume":"4","author":"Punys","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.3390\/en4101508","article-title":"How will hydroelectric power generation develop under climate change scenarios? A case study in the upper danube basin","volume":"4","author":"Koch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-009-9454-x","article-title":"Pressure management model for urban water distribution networks","volume":"24","author":"Nazif","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-006-4635-3","article-title":"Pressure control for leakage minimisation in water distribution systems management","volume":"20","author":"Araujo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9429(1998)124:11(1146)","article-title":"Leakage reduction in water distribution systems: Optimal valve control","volume":"124","author":"Vairavamoorthy","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Hydraul. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(03)00242-X","article-title":"Tabu search algorithms for water network optimization","volume":"157","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9496(2004)130:1(73)","article-title":"Multiobjective genetic algorithms for design of water distribution networks","volume":"130","author":"Prasad","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Water Resour. Plan. Manag."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9496(2010)136:2(279)","article-title":"Optimization of water distribution network design using differential evolution","volume":"136","author":"Vasan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Water Resour. Plan. Manag."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9496(2005)131:6(458)","article-title":"Leakage assessment through water distribution network simulation","volume":"131","author":"Almandoz","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Water Resour. Plan. Manag."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9429(1999)125:3(277)","article-title":"Leak analysis in pipeline systems by means of optimal valve regulation","volume":"125","author":"Tucciarelli","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Hydraul. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"148","article-title":"Modeling leakage reduction through pressure control","volume":"98","author":"Walsky","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Water Works Assoc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9429(2008)134:1(56)","article-title":"Improved control of pressure reducing valves in water distribution networks","volume":"134","author":"Prescott","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hydraul. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"181","article-title":"Sampling design for water distribution networks","volume":"8","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prog. Water Resour."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-008-9337-6","article-title":"Location and calibration of valves in water distribution networks using a scatter-search meta-heuristic approach","volume":"23","author":"Liberatore","year":"2009","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McNabola, A., Coughlan, P., and Williams, A. (2011, January 13\u201315). The Technical and Economic Feasibility of Energy Recovery in Water Supply Networks. Proceedings of International Conference on Renewable Energy and Power Quality, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.","DOI":"10.24084\/repqj09.569"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Corcoran, L., McNabola, A., and Coughlan, P. (2012). Energy Recovery Potential of the Dublin Region Water Supply Network, Water Congress on Water, Climate and Energy."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1076-0342(2004)10:3(119)","article-title":"Life cycle energy analysis of a water distribution system","volume":"10","author":"Filion","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Infrastruct. Syst."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(02)00006-0","article-title":"Small hydro power: Technology and current status","volume":"6","author":"Paish","year":"2002","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2362","DOI":"10.3390\/en6052362","article-title":"Banki-michell optimal design by computational fluid dynamics testing and hydrodynamic analysis","volume":"6","author":"Sammartano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Carravetta, A., and Giugni, M. (, January May). Functionality Factors in the Management and Rehabilitation of Water Networks. Management of Water Networks, Proceedings of Conference Efficient Management of Water Networks, Design and Rehabilitation Techniquesa, Ferrara, Italy."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2010.02.029","article-title":"Improvement of the efficiency of the Agnew micro hydro turbine at part loads due to installing guide vanes mechanism","volume":"51","author":"Yassi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1006\/jema.2002.0567","article-title":"Developing a sustainable energy strategy for a water utility. Part II: A review of potential technologies and approaches","volume":"66","author":"Zakkour","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2009.08.022","article-title":"Pump as turbine a pico-hydro alternative in lao peoples democratic republic","volume":"35","author":"Arriaga","year":"2010","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2010.04.006","article-title":"Reverse running pumps analytical, experimental and computational study: A review","volume":"14","author":"Nautiyal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carravetta, A., Fecarotta, O., and Ramos, H. (2011, January 14\u201316). Numerical Simulation on Pump as Turbine: Mesh Reliability and Performance Concerns. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Clean Electrical Power, Ischia, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCEP.2011.6036260"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"608","article-title":"Wave loadings acting on an innovative breakwater for energy production","volume":"64","author":"Vicinanza","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3390\/en5020193","article-title":"The SSG wave energy converter: Performance, status and recent developments","volume":"5","author":"Vicinanza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4779","DOI":"10.3390\/en5114779","article-title":"Non breaking wave forces at the front face of seawave slotcone generators","volume":"5","author":"Buccino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2005.08.012","article-title":"ME1-marine energy extraction: Tidal resource analysis","volume":"31","author":"Bryden","year":"2006","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carcangiu, S., and Montisci, A. (2012, January 9\u201312). A Building-Integrated Eolic System for the Exploitation of Wind Energy in Urban Areas. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Energy Conference and Exhibition (ENERGYCON), Florence, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/EnergyCon.2012.6347746"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2008.07.040","article-title":"Hybrid solution and pump-storage optimization in water supply system efficiency: A case study","volume":"36","author":"Vieira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2008.05.031","article-title":"Optimization of operational planning for wind\/hydro hybrid water supply systems","volume":"34","author":"Vieira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3947","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-012-0114-1","article-title":"Energy production in water distribution networks: A PAT design strategy","volume":"26","author":"Carravetta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.3390\/en6010411","article-title":"PAT design strategy for energy recovery in water distribution networks by electrical regulation","volume":"6","author":"Carravetta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carravetta, A., Fecarotta, O., Sinagra, M., and Tucciarelli, T. (2013). A cost benefit analisys for hydropower production in water distribution networks by pump as turbine (PAT). J. Water Resour. Plan. Manag.","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000384"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"45","article-title":"Representation of pump characteristics for calculation of water hammer","volume":"4","author":"Suter","year":"1966","journal-title":"Sulzer Tech. Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"39","article-title":"CFD and comparisons for a pump as turbine: Mesh reliability and performance concerns","volume":"2","author":"Fecarotta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Energy Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00f6rfler, P. (2010, January 20\u201324). \u201cNeo-Suterian\u201d Pump-Turbine Characteristics and Their Benefits. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Earth and Environmental Science, Timisoara, Romania.","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/12\/1\/012027"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Barringer, H.P. (1998, January 19\u201322). Life Cycle Cost and Good Practices. Proceedings of the NPRA Maintenance Conference, San Antonio, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Barringer, H.P. (2003, January 20\u201323). A Life Cycle Cost Summary. Proceedings of the International Conference of Maintenance Societies, Perth, Australia."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Cheong, L. (, January October). International Report on Unaccounted for Water and Economics of Leak Detection. Proceedings of the IWA World Conference, Budapest, Hungary."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"SP390","DOI":"10.1109\/24.740556","article-title":"Reliability education: A historical perspective","volume":"47","author":"Kececioglu","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Reliab."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pecht, M. (2009). Product Reliability, Maintainability, and Supportability Handbook, CRC.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420009897"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Raheja, D., and Lindsley, M. (1991, January 20\u201324). Defect-Free Manufacturing in the Nineties. Proceedings of the 1991 IEEE National Conference on Aerospace and Electronics, Dayton, OH, USA."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Clements, R. (1991). Handbook of Statistical Methods in Manufacturing, Prentice-Hall."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Tung, Y., Yen, B., and Melching, C. (2006). Hydrosystems Engineering Reliability Assessment and Risk Analysis, McGraw-Hill Professional."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Kapur, K., and Lamberson, L. (1977). Reliability in Engineering Design, John Wiley and Sons."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Trivedi, K. (2002). Probability and Statistics with Reliability, Queuing, and Computer Science Applications, John Wiley and Sons."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Carderock, D. (1992). Handbook of Reliability Prediction Procedures for Mechanical Equipment, Naval Surface Warfare Center."}],"container-title":["Water"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/5\/3\/1211\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:48:33Z","timestamp":1760219313000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/5\/3\/1211"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,12]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]}},"alternative-id":["w5031211"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/w5031211","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4441"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4441","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,12]]}}}