{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T08:15:17Z","timestamp":1768637717566,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,2]],"date-time":"2015-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1435795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Waters from natural sources of the S\u00e3o Miguel Island in the Azores archipelago have been investigated regarding their corrosive action on metallic materials. The corrosive and encrusting characteristics of the waters have been established in terms of relevant chemical parameters (namely pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and concentrations of bicarbonate, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and sulfate ions) and their temperature by using Langelier, Ryznar, Puckorius and Larson\u2013Skold indexes. The validity of this methodology has been tested by measuring the corrosion rates of various metals exposed to various waters using electrochemical methods. The materials of industrial interest under investigation were carbon and galvanized steel, zinc, 304 and 316L grade stainless steels, brass, and Cr\u2013Ni alloys. The greater aggressiveness of these waters was found for the less noble materials, and they experienced high corrosion rates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w7073515","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,3]],"date-time":"2015-07-03T12:24:56Z","timestamp":1435926296000},"page":"3515-3530","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Characterization of the Corrosive Action of Mineral Waters from Thermal Sources: A Case Study at Azores Archipelago, Portugal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Helena","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technological Sciences and Development, University of the Azores,  Ponta Delgada 9501-801, Portugal"},{"name":"Center of Research in Natural Resources (CIRN), University of the Azores,  Ponta Delgada 9501-801, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Bibiana","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of La Laguna, P.O. Box 456, La Laguna 38200, Tenerife, Spain"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of La Laguna, P.O. Box 456, La Laguna 38200, Tenerife, Spain"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Souto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of La Laguna, P.O. Box 456, La Laguna 38200, Tenerife, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Material Science and Nanotechnology, University of La Laguna, P.O. Box 456,  La Laguna 38200, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Santana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Process Engineering, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria,  Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35017, Gran Canaria, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2008.08.006","article-title":"Groundwater contamination mechanism in a geothermal field: A case study","volume":"103","author":"Aksoy","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Contam. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2008.11.034","article-title":"Hydrogeochemistry and environmental impact of geothermal waters from Yangyi of Tibet, China","volume":"180","author":"Guo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. 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