{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T20:32:52Z","timestamp":1764793972966,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,20]],"date-time":"2017-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1484870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["PD\/BD\/114459\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BD\/114459\/2016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An experimental assessment of an air pocket (AP), confined in a compressed air vessel (CAV), has been investigated under several different water hammer (WH) events to better define the use of protection devices or compressed air energy storage (CAES) systems. This research focuses on the size of an AP within an air vessel and tries to describe how it affects important parameters of the system, i.e., the pressure in the pipe, stored pressure, flow velocity, displaced volume of water and water level in the CAV. Results present a specific range of air pockets based on a dimensionless parameter extractable for other real systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w9010063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,20]],"date-time":"2017-01-20T10:10:12Z","timestamp":1484907012000},"page":"63","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Experimental Study of Air Vessel Behavior for Energy Storage or System Protection in Water Hammer Events"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5222-0679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohsen","family":"Besharat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Saghez Branch, Islamic Azad University, Saghez 66819-73477, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, Lisbon 1049-001, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Teresa Viseu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC), Lisbon 1700-066, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9028-9711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, Lisbon 1049-001, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaudhry, M.H. (2014). Applied Hydraulic Transients, Springer. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-8538-4"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Ruus, E., and Karney, B. (1997). Applied Hydraulic Transients, Friesens Corporation."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9429(2002)128:8(792)","article-title":"Simple guide for design of air vessels for water hammer protection on pumping lines","volume":"128","author":"Stephenson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Hydraul. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apm.2005.11.010","article-title":"Encapsulation of air vessel design in a neural network","volume":"30","author":"Izquierdo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Math. 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Failure analysis of a water supply pumping pipeline system. Water, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/w8090395"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malekpour, A., Karney, B., and Nault, J. (2015). Physical understanding of sudden pressurization of pipe systems with entrapped air: Energy auditing approach. J. Hydraul. Eng., 142.","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001067"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Apollonio, C., Balacco, G., Fontana, N., Giugni, M., Marini, G., and Piccinni, A.F. (2016). Hydraulic transients caused by air expulsion during rapid filling of undulating pipelines. Water, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/w8010025"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Besharat, M., and Ramos, H.M. (2015, January 18\u201320). Theoretical and experimental analysis of pressure surge: In a two-phase compressed air vessel. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Pressure Surges, Dublin, Ireland. Available online: http:\/\/www.scopus.com\/inward\/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84966351254&partnerID=MN8TOARS."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2012.09.013","article-title":"Guidelines for the pressure and efficient sizing of pressure vessels for compressed air energy storage","volume":"65","author":"Proczka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Convers. 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Dynamic of Hydraulic System Pressurization with Entrapped Air. [Ph.D. Thesis, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon]. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.2166\/aqua.2015.081","article-title":"The effect of water hammer on a confined air pocket towards flow energy storage system","volume":"65","author":"Besharat","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Water Suppl. Res. 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