{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T23:12:25Z","timestamp":1775862745648,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]],"date-time":"2022-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/05037\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05037\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04007\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04007\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["WEVJ"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The impact of battery electric vehicles (BEV) on energy consumption was researched modeling energy consumption against BEVs, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and e-commerce, using annual data from 2010 to 2020, for twenty-nine European countries, with quantile regression and OLS with fixed effects econometric techniques. It was found that GDP and e-commerce impact energy consumption positively, and BEVs reduce energy consumption. These findings support that efficiency gains could not reduce energy consumption, and e-commerce, via extra packaging, further usage of computer processors, and cryptocurrencies to purchase products are hampering the environment. BEVs were revealed to be more energy-efficient than conventional cars. Thus, energy conservation policies to combat global warming and climate change arise. First, policies should offer an alternative packaging system to lower the negative environmental impacts of additional packaging for online purchases, stimulate smaller packages, free up additional space on the transport, enhance the delivery system efficiency, and promote alternative delivery systems. Second, offering subsidies for purchasing BEVs or tax rebates will increase the adoption rate of electric vehicles and combine this policy with the CO2 emissions\u2019 regulations to stimulate the demand for BEVs. Finally, affordable charging points should be provided and customer awareness of the benefits of BEVs should be improved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/wevj13020036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]],"date-time":"2022-02-09T21:26:48Z","timestamp":1644442008000},"page":"36","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["The Impact of Battery-Electric Vehicles on Energy Consumption: A Macroeconomic Evidence from 29 European Countries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0062-4476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matheus","family":"Koengkan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GOVCOPP, Department of Economics, Management, Industrial Engineering and Tourism (DEGEIT), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6937-5420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Alberto","family":"Fuinhas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CeBER, Faculty of Economics, University of Coimbra, 3004-512 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4802-7873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matheus","family":"Belucio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Economy of Francesco (EoF) Academy, CEFAGE, University of \u00c9vora, 7000-809 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nooshin Karimi","family":"Alavijeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 1357, Iran"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0395-581X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nasrin","family":"Salehnia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Environmental Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6424-6056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Economics, University of Coimbra, 3004-512 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8894-2200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vin\u00edcius","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GEPEA\/EPUSP, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-010, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Dehdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Economics, University of Coimbra, 3004-512 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Economics and Administration (FEP), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"European Environment Agency (2021, December 15). New Registrations of Electric Vehicles in EUROPE. Available online: https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/data-and-maps\/indicators\/proportion-of-vehicle-fleet-meeting-5\/assessment."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"European Commission (2021, December 15). 2050 Long-Term Strategy. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/clima\/policies\/strategies\/2050_en#tab-0-0."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Eurostat (2021, December 15). Trade in Electric and Hybrid Electric Cars on the Rise. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/web\/products-eurostat-news\/-\/ddn-20210524-1."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"IEA (2020). Key World Energy Statistics 2020, IEA Publcations. Available online: https:\/\/iea.blob.core.windows.net\/assets\/1b7781df-5c93-492a-acd6-01fc90388b0f\/Key_World_Energy_Statistics_2020.pdf."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"European Alternative Fuels Observatory (EAFO) (2021, December 15). Vehicles and Fleet. Available online: https:\/\/www.eafo.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"European Environment Agency (2021, December 15). Electric Vehicles and the Energy Sector\u2014Impacts on Europe\u2019s Future Emissions. Available online: https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/publications\/electric-vehicles-and-the-energy."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Eurostat (2021, December 15). Final Energy Consumption. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/statisticsexplained\/index.php?title=Energy_statistics_-_an_overview#Final_energy_consumption."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuinhas, J.A., Koengkan, M., Leit\u00e3o, N.C., Nwani, C., Uzuner, G., Dehdar, F., Relva, S., and Peyerl, D. (2021). Effect of battery electric vehicles on greenhouse gas emissions in 29 European Union countries. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su132413611"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2018.01.004","article-title":"Impacts of replacement of engine powered vehicles by electric vehicles on energy consumption and CO2 emissions","volume":"59","author":"Teixeira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sriwilai, A., Pattaraprakorn, W., Chutiprapat, V., Sansilah, C., and Bhasaputra, P. (July, January 28). The study on the effect of electric car to energy consumption in Thailand. Proceedings of the 2016 13th International Conference on Electrical Engineering\/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications, and Information Technology (ECTI-CON), Chiang Mai, Thailand.","DOI":"10.1109\/ECTICon.2016.7561408"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2014.10.007","article-title":"Electric vehicles\u2019 energy consumption measurement and estimation","volume":"34","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2013.09.052","article-title":"The impact on electricity demand and emissions due to the introduction of electric cars in the S\u00e3o Paulo power system","volume":"65","author":"Dias","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2012.10.024","article-title":"The introduction of electric vehicles in Brazil: Impacts on oil and electricity consumption","volume":"80","author":"Baran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2190-4715-24-14","article-title":"Electric cars: Technical characteristics and environmental impacts","volume":"24","author":"Helmers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Eur."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2010.09.119","article-title":"Energy use, cost and CO2 emissions of electric cars","volume":"196","author":"Vliet","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.1973.349925","article-title":"Energy requirements for electric cars and their impact on electric power generation and distribution systems","volume":"9","author":"Salihi","year":"1973","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Nielsen, H.L., and J\u00f8rgensen, K. (2000). Electric Vehicles and Renewable Energy in the Transport Sector\u2014Energy System Consequences, Ris\u00f8 National Laboratory."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sobol, \u0141., and Dyjakon, A. (2020). The influence of power sources for charging the batteries of electric cars on CO2 emissions during daily driving: A case study from Poland. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13164267"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2019.03.024","article-title":"The impact of tribology on energy use and CO2 emission globally and in combustion engines and electric cars","volume":"135","author":"Holmberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koengkan, M., and Fuinhas, J.A. (2021). Does the overweight epidemic cause energy consumption? A piece of empirical evidence from the European region. Energy, 216.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.119297"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.111146","article-title":"European commitment to COP21 and the role of energy consumption, FDI, trade and economic complexity in sustaining economic growth","volume":"273","author":"Buhari","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.04.008","article-title":"The effects of energy prices, urbanisation, and economic growth on energy consumption per capita in 186 countries","volume":"225","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2018.02.023","article-title":"The energy consumption and economic growth nexus in top ten energy-consuming countries: Fresh evidence from using the quantile-on-quantile approach","volume":"71","author":"Shahbaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Econ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2015.01.003","article-title":"The impact of CO2 emissions and economic growth on energy consumption in 58 countries","volume":"1","author":"Saidi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.12.015","article-title":"Linking financial development, economic growth, and energy consumption in Pakistan","volume":"44","author":"Komal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2014.02.009","article-title":"Causal relationship between trade openness, economic growth, and energy consumption: A panel data analysis of Asian countries","volume":"69","author":"Nasreen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1080\/13504509.2018.1434572","article-title":"The dynamic causal links between CO2 emissions from transport, real GDP, energy use and international tourism","volume":"25","author":"Hadhri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Dev. World Ecol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2020.115207","article-title":"Energy consumption and GDP revisited: A new panel data approach with wavelet decomposition","volume":"272","author":"Saldivia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1111\/jiec.12639","article-title":"E-commerce effects on energy consumption: A multi-year ecosystem-level assessment","volume":"22","author":"Dost","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ind. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.06.242","article-title":"Energy consumption in e-commerce versus conventional trade channels-Insights into packaging, the last mile, unsold products, and product returns","volume":"164","author":"Pettersson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1162\/108819802763471816","article-title":"Energy use in sales and distribution via e-commerce and conventional retail: A case study of the Japanese book sector","volume":"6","author":"Williams","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Ind. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-9255(02)00024-0","article-title":"Energy implications of online book retailing in the United States and Japan","volume":"22","author":"Matthews","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Impact Assess. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2018.11.119","article-title":"Model conceptualization on E-commerce growth impact to emissions generated from urban logistics transportation: A case study of Jakarta","volume":"156","author":"Hidayatno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-9290.2010.00269.x","article-title":"The energy and climate change implications of different music delivery methods","volume":"14","author":"Weber","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Ind. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2009.05.011","article-title":"The energy and carbon intensity of wine distribution: A study of logistical options for delivering wine to consumers","volume":"17","author":"Cholette","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stinson, M., Enam, A., Moore, A., and Auld, J. (2019, January 10\u201312). Citywide impacts of E-commerce: Does parcel delivery travel outweigh household shopping travel reductions?. Proceedings of the 2nd ACM\/EIGSCC Symposium on Smart Cities and Communities, Portland, OR, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3357492.3358633"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Eurostat (2021, December 15). Final Energy Consumption by Sector. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/databrowser\/product\/page\/TEN00124."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2021, December 15). World Bank Open Database. Available online: https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/home."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.2307\/1913643","article-title":"Regression Quantiles","volume":"46","author":"Koenker","year":"1978","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.06.019","article-title":"Different impacts of export and import on carbon emissions across 7 ASEAN countries: A panel quantile regression approach","volume":"686","author":"Salman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1368-423X.2011.00349.x","article-title":"A simple approach to quantile regression for panel data","volume":"14","author":"Canay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Econom. J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.2307\/1913827","article-title":"Specification tests in econometrics","volume":"46","author":"Hausman","year":"1978","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1002\/jae.951","article-title":"A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence","volume":"22","author":"Pesaran","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Econom."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Pesaran, M.H. (2021, December 15). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels. Available online: https:\/\/econpapers.repec.org\/paper\/camcamdae\/0435.htm."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/52.3-4.591","article-title":"An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples)","volume":"52","author":"Shapiro","year":"1965","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.1990.10475751","article-title":"A suggestion for using powerful and informative tests of normality","volume":"44","author":"Belanger","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. Stat."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belsley, D.A., Kuh, E., and Welsch, R.E. (1980). Regression Diagnostics: Identifying Influential Data and Sources of Collinearity, John Wiley & Son.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471725153"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0084.2007.00477.x","article-title":"Testing for error correction in panel data","volume":"69","author":"Westerlund","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oxf. Bull. Econ. Stat."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01891203","article-title":"Approximating the Shapiro-Wilk W-test for non-normality","volume":"2","author":"Royston","year":"1992","journal-title":"Stat. Comput."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X0800800205","article-title":"Error-correction\u2013based cointegration tests for panel data","volume":"8","author":"Persyn","year":"2008","journal-title":"STATA J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-10503-x","article-title":"Exploring the capacity of renewable energy consumption to reduce outdoor air pollution death rate in Latin America and the Caribbean region","volume":"28","author":"Koengkan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15044","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-9109-z","article-title":"Are renewable energy policies upsetting carbon dioxide emissions? The case of Latin America countries","volume":"24","author":"Fuinhas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eiar.2021.106619","article-title":"Is gender inequality an essential driver in explaining environmental degradation? Some empirical answers from the CO2 emissions in European Union countries","volume":"90","author":"Koengkan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Impact Assess. Rev."}],"container-title":["World Electric Vehicle Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2032-6653\/13\/2\/36\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:16:37Z","timestamp":1760134597000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2032-6653\/13\/2\/36"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["wevj13020036"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/wevj13020036","relation":{},"ISSN":["2032-6653"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2032-6653","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]]}}}